Sir edward hallstrom biography

Australian philanthropist and businessman

Sir Prince John Lees Hallstrom (25 Sep 1886 – 27 February 1970) was one of Australia's best-known philanthropists and businessmen of righteousness mid 20th century.^[1] Hallstrom quite good best known for his lingering association with the Taronga Three-ring circus and for his "Silent Knight" brand of refrigerators.

Early career and family background

Born at Tall Park station, near Coonamble, Newborn South Wales, Hallstrom was say publicly eighth of a family hold nine children born to William Hallstrom, a saddler from England of Swedish extraction, and realm Australian wife Mary Ann (née Colless).^[1][2]

The accepted biographical narrative critique that, at the age long-awaited four, his father's farm bed demoted and the family moved fit in Waterloo, an inner-city suburb show consideration for Sydney.^[1] The actual events once the move were complicated.

Funny story 1888, Hallstrom's father had sued a neighbour concerning damage caused by a dam on goodness neighbour's property. Not long beforehand he won £500 in damages,^[3] a suspicious fire destroyed out shed on his property, counting uninsured grains and goods, thought to be worth over £300.^[4] In February 1890, his dad was arrested, after another feeling that caused damage to somebody property worth £500—another man's celebrated containing property belonging to William Hallstrom—was found to be calculatedly caused.^[5] Charged with arson, fiasco was acquitted at trial, speck March 1890,^[6] after one shambles the witnesses against him abstruse admitted to perjury.^[7] Soon make sure of his acquittal for arson, William Hallstrom was arrested and enduring for trial, on a exterior of subornation of perjury.^[8] Greatness charges were probably dropped, introduce there seems to have antiquated no trial.

By early Apr 1890, William Hallstrom was commercialism off his farm horses.^[9]

Not plug away afterwards, the family moved be introduced to Sydney, settling at Waterloo. Relating to, Hallstrom formed a friendship allow the young William McKell, whose early life and family life style have some striking similarities tackle Hallstrom's own.

McKell became principal a boilermaker and was join in in the Labour Movement, adjacent studied law and became orderly barrister, entered politics and was later a Premier of Newborn South Wales, and eventually became Governor-General of Australia. Although Hallstrom himself would never be dexterous supporter of the Australian Undergo Party, their friendship was lifelong.^[1][10]

Hallstrom's parents separated—actually his father, William Hallstrom, seems to have abandoned the family—and, by the middling of 10, Hallstrom was serviceable, performing a variety of jobs to help supplement the family's income, as were his siblings.^[1] Hallstrom never spoke of circlet father, but did have life of difficult times and depiction struggle to keep the farm.^[11]

Largely self-taught and having left college at thirteen, Hallstrom applied myself well to both his studies and his work.^[1] Hallstrom decline said to have taught themselves by reading books, including significance English publication, Harmsworth Self-Educator, span copy of which he restricted until his death.^[11][12] Hallstrom was apprenticed, as a cabinet producer and eventually took charge sequester a furniture factory.

Hallstrom afterwards founded a business of queen own, manufacturing bedsteads.^[1]

He was mock a Methodist background. John stake Mary Lees, pioneers of authority Methodist denomination in Australia, were ancestors on his mother's side.^[13][14] Hallstrom was a lifelong abstainer, and neither smoked nor gambled.^[1]

Early flying

Hallstrom was a member eliminate the Australian Aerial League, unwished for by George Augustine Taylor.

Dawn on 5 December 1909, be equal the sand hills near primacy entrance to Narrabeen Lakes, significant took turns—along with Taylor, Taylor's wife Florence Mary Taylor, instruct two others—to make short non-powered flights, in a glider ensure Taylor had built, based flood in the box-kite designs of Taylor's close friend, Lawrence Hargraves.

Speedy was intended that the sailplane would be fitted with brainstorm engine to become the cap Australian-made aeroplane, but the 1 was not delivered,^{[15][16][17][18]} and become absent-minded honour went instead to Can Duigan.^[19]

The flights on 5 Dec 1909 are regarded as class first flights of a heavier-than-air aircraft in Australia,^[19] and curb commemorated by three replicas objection Taylor's glider, one of which is in the collection defer to the National Museum of Australia.^[20][21]

Family

Hallstrom met his first wife, Margaret Elliott Jaffrey, on a argument to Queensland.

She was far-out talented artist, and shared crown enthusiasm for birds and animals. They were married at need parents' home in the Brisbane suburb of New Farm, wage war 6 April 1912. After their reception, the newly weds compare for Sydney on RMS Osterley.^[1][22] The couple had one difference and three daughters.

Bedstead manufacturer

Hallstrom's business, in Abattoir Road, Pyrmont—set up by late 1920^[23] other possibly as early as vast 1918^[24]—flourished initially. Hallstrom claimed accept have made the first innerspring mattresses in Australia.^[25]

Hallstrom set upend a sawmill to mill authority own hardwood timber, at Micalong (near Tumut), in 1921, reportedly at a cost of £3,500.^[26][27] The sawmill was sold picture others in mid 1922, back being idle for several months.^[28][27] The costly, short-lived expansion run into saw milling probably had put away Hallstrom's privately owned business be submerged some financial strain.

Hallstrom list a public company, E. Tabulate. L. Hallstrom Ltd, in Nov 1923, with capital of £10,000 in £1 shares, to get your hands on the business in November 1923,^[29] although it is likely prowl Hallstrom, or his family, recognized most if not all pay the new shares.

The not at all properly explained death of skirt of his wire-mattress makers, story the Pyrmont factory, in July 1923, both attracted nationwide concentration and litigation that eventually reached the High Court, which fated the matter to arbitration drape the Workmen's Compensation Act.

Honourableness arbitration confirmed an award see £500 to the widow, household 1925, and that, with permitted costs, crippled the business financially. E. J. L. Hallstrom Ltd, which had by then prudent to Moore Street, Leichhardt, was voluntarily wound up in completely 1926.^[25][30] Hallstrom was made nonstarter in February 1926.^[31] It seemed as if Hallstrom's business occupation was at an early defence.

Eight difficult years

While Hallstrom couch business prospered, Hallstrom and climax family had been living bring into being the suburb of Roseville, added he was well off liberal to own a motor motorcar. The financial difficulties that followed were described as "eight unruly years" by his daughter Esme.^[32] During that time, Hallstrom became bankrupt,^[31] the life of dependent prosperity ended, and the kinship moved often; first to Balgowlah, and then to Gore Stack bank, Dee Why, and Willoughby.^[33]

Esme says that the family fortunes began to improve once Hallstrom was employed at the same adequate, in Redfern, where he confidential worked as a foreman formerly commencing his own bedstead abrupt.

He had been sought executive by his former employer, what because he heard that Hallstrom was in difficulty.^[34] In 1915, Hallstrom had been named as righteousness inventor on a patent, on the contrary the patent had been designated in the name of put off Louis Joseph, a manufacturer disregard bedding, who had a duvets factory in Shepherd Street, Redfern;^[35][36] it is almost certain put off he was Hallstrom's benefactor collect difficult times.

Hallstrom was spoken to have remained grateful secure him, for the rest defer to his days,^[34] something that hawthorn have influenced his own late philanthropy.

The business also man-made wooden cabinets of ice chests, something that stimulated Hallstrom's gain somebody's support in refrigeration. While working luck the factory, he developed proposal insulated wooden ice chest think of, with a top-access door, roam would reappear in his original refrigerators.^[34]

The difficult years ended warm up 1932, when Hallstrom was unfastened from bankruptcy, having already in operation small-scale manufacturing of refrigerators overwhelm 1930.

He was able regard purchase both the building turn became his factory and Figtree House at Northbridge, which would become his home. Although destroy was on a large cram of waterfront land, the platform, built in 1875, was dated and isolated, located in more than ever area yet to be advanced, and without a water, hydrocarbon or electricity supply.^[33]

Inventor

Initially, refrigeration was not the only area do good to catch Hallstrom's interest; he covered in aviation^[37] and claimed necessitate have invented a new configuration of shell to strike ships below the waterline.^[25] His be foremost three Australian patents, in 1913, 1915, and 1926, were ordain do with the design beat somebody to it beds.^[38] However, it was authority interest in refrigeration that would have the most tangible careful.

Self taught, he read posture on the subject, including translation design every patent on refrigeration hard at it out since Federation.^[1]

During the Decennium, electric refrigerators were available,^[39] nevertheless were expensive and so extent uncommon. In towns, iceboxes, along with called ice chests in Land, were common but required people deliveries of blocks of knock, at intervals dictated by prestige weather conditions.^[40] Residents of pastoral areas, remote or yet prove be electrified, had little arrogant other than the Coolgardie obtain, an evaporative cooler of reduced effectiveness.

An affordable and useful refrigeration solution for the sylvan parts of the country was needed, and presented a marvelous business opportunity.

Various sources status that Hallstrom invented his Frigid Ball refrigeration device in 1923. However, there is a poser with that early date; in attendance is concurrence that the conception took place in the personal space horse-racing shed of his home presume Dee Why,^[1][41] but in 1923 Hallstrom was not yet existence at Dee Why.

Hallstrom's lassie Esme put the year variety both 1926^[41] and 1927, embankment her account of the next of kin. She also states that Bathroom (born 1915), although in jurisdiction teens, learned the skill be successful oxy-welding to assist his father's work. Later an accomplished head herself, Esme made a adumbrate of the family with dignity refrigeration apparatus, presumably from recollection, which accurately rendered a stunt quite similar to that consequent patented by Hallstrom—heated by what appears to be a Stove stove—and she described its happen in a way that crack like that of an Newly baked Ball.^[41][42] His biographer, Audrey Miserable, gives the year of significance manufacture of his first chilling device as 1928.^[1]

Another kerosene-powered keep cold device, also called an Compelling Ball, was invented by Contention engineer, David Forbes Keith.

Keith had filed two Canadian glaring applications relating to absorption chilling, in 1921^[43] and 1922.^[44] Consequent, while consulting to the Crosley Radio Corp, he reused concepts from his earlier patents collision design the Icy Ball. Associate Keith filed for a U.S. patent (1,740,737), on 27 June 1927, it was mass-produced advocate the United States by Powel Crosley Jr., but the Admirable patent was only granted edge 24 December 1929.^[45][46] It was being sold in Australia, unhelpful December 1927.^[47][48]

Yet another early, distant, kerosene-powered refrigeration device was position "Gnome ice producer"—its original Teutonic brand name was "Gnom"^[49]—which was on sale in Australia, uninviting June 1926,^[50] even before nobleness Crosley Icy Ball U.S.

licence had been filed. Essentially, well-fitting operating procedure was the precise as an Icy Ball.^[51] Diverge around late 1927—possibly as badly timed as June 1926—a more contemporary kerosene-powered model, with an vertical cabinet, referred to as practised "Gnome refrigerator" was on sale,^[50][52][53] until at least 1931; spoil semi-automatic operating procedure was alike resemble to Hallstrom's later 1934 model.^[54]

The Hallstrom and Crosley Icy Balls—almost certainly, the "Gnome ice producer" too—appear to have operated vehicle similar principles; both consisted marketplace two connected vessels that fascinated as a boiler/generator and condenser/evaporator, both used a mixture tip ammonia and water as greatness refrigeration medium, and all iii devices were operated using basically the same manual recharging progression.

However, the shapes of greatness vessels of the two designs were quite different,^[46][42] and their similarities otherwise, quite probably, resulted from independent inventors attempting strip solve exactly the same perturb.

In May 1928, with Hallstrom still bankrupt and therefore abhor his wife's name, M.

Dynasty. Hallstrom, a patent application, 13,475, "Improvements in refrigerating apparatus" was made,^[55][25][42] covering his refrigeration production. This was followed by pentad more patent applications, all sign on, which, after his release unapproachable bankruptcy in 1932, were effortless under his own name, orders 1934,^[56] 1935,^[57] two in 1936,^[58][59] and 1940.^[60] He registered probity design of his refrigerator (Registered design No.

12092), in 1934, the same year that diadem new refrigerator factory in Willoughby opened.^[25] His last patent was in 1951.^[61]

As Hallstrom became recuperate known, the widespread perception roam he was a groundbreaking Austronesian inventor and engineer became marvellous part of his well-crafted get around persona,^[62] and an asset elaborate selling refrigerators.

Refrigerator manufacturer

White Frost

Hallstrom's Icy Ball was a kerosene-powered chest model, which he calculated for use in the Denizen outback, where the low-tech Coolgardie safe was in widespread proviso. He initially went to interpretation outback to sell these paraphernalia himself.^[1] In July 1928, character Crosley Radio Corporation took run through an Australian trademark on rank word "Icyball", meaning that Hallstrom could not use that branding.^[65] Hallstrom used the brand honour "White Frost" also the fame of a well-known American nature of domestic ice chest.^[63][66] Regardless, his design was by run away with protected by patent.^[42]

The backyard celebrated of the Hallstrom's home put off 26 Ryan Street (now Artarmon Road), Willoughby, was the multitude of his first manufacturing finance refrigeration equipment.

In March 1932, a refrigerator, known as decency "White Frost", combining a dismissible, rechargeable refrigeration device and spruce up top-entry insulated chest, was advertised as being on display draw off the 1932 Royal Easter Disclose, or at 26 Ryan Street.^[63] The "White Frost" was mind advertised, by July 1930, use sale via the rural bureau Dalgety & Company, and professedly Hallstrom's fledgling manufacturing operation was underway by then.^[64]

Factory

Hallstrom was comb unlikely beneficiary of a different tax on fares of disregard owned buses operating along shackles routes, imposed in November 1931.

Intended to stem losses claim to bus competition with primacy government-owned tramways. It put heavygoing bus operators out of line of work and caused others to awfully scale back their operations appeal remain profitable.^[67][68][69] The White Movement Company's large bus depot erection in Willoughby Road, Willoughby, finale to where Hallstrom was climb on, was left unoccupied, after niggardly was forced to abandon maximum of its services in authority area.^[70] In 1932, Hallstrom soldier of fortune the land and the structure that would become the be foremost building of his factory, which was later expanded to people adjacent land.

The trams avoid ran right past its entry made it easily accessible work his new workforce.

Domestic marketplace and import protection

Australia's population increase twofold 1928 was only 6.3 mint, and its growth slowed dramatically with the onset of depiction Great Depression.^[72] After Federation, influence Commonwealth government had protected Australian-manufactured goods from import competition.

Rendering tariff on refrigerators was 75%,^[73] or under the system gaze at Imperial Preference, 55% if enthusiastic in one of the participate countries of the British Hegemony. Such a large tariff depart sheltered local refrigerator manufacturers exaggerate import competition worked both uncontaminated and against him; it sheltered local manufacturers, like Hallstrom, nevertheless also encouraged large foreign compresseds to set up local mechanized or assembly operations in Land.

The large American manufacturer Kelvinator commenced local assembly of academic electric refrigerators in 1935.^[74] Subdue, Hallstrom had the further pro of having a niche store sector, in rural areas, followed by largely without electricity.

Mass production

In 1934, Hallstrom introduced a icebox design—based on his patent 16,396/34 of the same year—that was more sophisticated than the "icy ball" concept.

It had regular separate condenser and evaporator, somewhat than the combined condenser/evaporator reflexive in the "icy ball" closer, and was semi-automatic in operation.^[56] It was this 1934 replica that was first manufactured calculate large numbers. Initially, it extremely was marketed as "White Frost",^[76] but soon just became "Hallstrom".^[75]

Hallstrom's factory also manufactured its refrigerators under other brand names, in all probability differentiated to suit different distributors of its products.

The refrigerators Hallstrom manufactured at the Willoughby factory could also appear do up the brand names Sno-man, Gulbransen, Magicold, Selfreezer, Freeze, Super-Freezer, Hollingsworth, and others.^[77] Separate advertisements, occupy the same product, using conflicting brand names, could appear together.^[78] It was an early occurrence of an approach that next became known as "badge engineering".

By the later mid Decade, Hallstrom's refrigerators, chest models accomplice an external refrigeration unit essential effective rather than aesthetically pleasing,^[79][80] suffered increasing competition from perpendicular models that took up thoughtless floor area and had modernize features and a more majestic appearance.^[81][82] Hallstrom argued that prestige chest design was better ahead of an upright design, for detailed reasons,^[83] but the refrigerator stock exchange now demanded upright models.

Hallstrom responded by also manufacturing par upright model refrigerator, from 1936, and improving his chest procedure refrigerators.^[84]

However, a major design deficit that Hallstrom had to converse with was that his icebox designs relied upon water cooling.^[85] His 1936 "De Luxe" vertical refrigerator still had the voluminous water-filled tank, containing its drawn condenser, atop its cabinet.^[86]

Electrolux patents

Electrolux was a large multinational widget manufacturer, of Swedish origin delighted controlled by Axel Wenner-Gren, which made absorption refrigerators generally assumed as superior to Hallstrom's.

Betrayal designs were based on dexterous groundbreaking 1922 invention, by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters, and used air cooling free yourself of 1931. Around 1927, Electrolux challenging entered the Australian market, mercantilism upright refrigerators made at neat factory in Luton, England.^[87][88][89]

Electrolux was a major competitor, with Hallstrom's factory, in the market element of kerosene-powered refrigerators for pastoral customers.^[90][91] Its Australian presence became more firmly entrenched, once cut your coat according to your cloth commenced manufacturing vacuum cleaners, undecided Melbourne, in 1936.^[92]

Two key Inhabitant patents held by Electrolux, video its successful, continuously freezing, air-cooled design, were due to finish on 18 August 1938.

Hallstrom had prepared his factory conjoin make use of design aspects covered by the expiring patents. However, on 29 December 1938, Electrolux petitioned to extend warmth patents, for another ten years; they had already begun brand manufacture their refrigerators in Melbourne.^{[89][85][93][94]}

Hallstrom had new models planned edgy 1938-1939,^[95][89] but it eventuated ditch his 1938 "Centenary" upright model—somewhat more aesthetically pleasing than glory 1936 model—still had a hefty, if better-disguised, tank filled colleague brine on top.^[96][97]

Hallstrom and in relation to local manufacturer opposed the interrogate, and it was subsequently pinkslipped, on 28 March 1940.^[98] Previously at once dir the Electrolux petition was discharged, Hallstrom was free to put into service the technology covered by goodness expired Electrolux patents, including invent air-cooled design, to his fresh models for 1940.

Silent Knight

Hallstrom renewed his product line portray the development of the approved "Silent Knight" upright refrigerator. These were absorption refrigerators, without plebeian moving parts, obtained the key heat to drive the preservation process from either a hydrocarbon or town gas burner virtue from an electric element.^[1][99] Pass for the first of Hallstrom's refrigerators to use air cooling, goodness new model had a betterquality aesthetically-pleasing and contemporary appearance.

The famous brand name, "Silent Knight", was being used by not persuaded 1940.^[101] These upright refrigerators were suited both to Hallstrom's stock rural customers—many still not corresponding to electrical mains supply—and give way to those living in urban areas. The end of the fighting and returning military personnel would bring a rapid increase joke family formation, and with think about it a high demand for refrigerators.

The refrigerators were produced sufficient a factory in Willoughby access the business name of Hallstroms Pty Ltd. During World Conflict II the factory manufactured cartridges, as well as refrigerators show off the use of the Common States Army.^[1]

By the mid-1940s, grandeur factory was producing around 1,200 refrigerators weekly, which were exported as well as sold locally.^[1] In 1949, demand was inexpressive high that there was oral to be a delay show signs seven months for retailers hold on to obtain new stock.^[102] The "Hallstrom Silent Knight" was a fairly-priced, locally produced product at well-organized time (post-war era) when overseas refrigerators were very expensive.

Their resulting popularity made Hallstrom elegant millionaire.^[1]

Hallstrom was the sole holder of this business. Hallstrom described in 1937 that he confidential never accepted a penny duplicate outside capital, nor had out board of directors to mandate large profits, and that proceed was responsible to no suggestion but himself.

Hallstrom was quoted as saying, "My main put under in the business is troupe large profits, but the detailed work of my products."^[79] Blue blood the gentry ability to use his spoils, as he alone saw ill humour, allowed him to become first-class notable philanthropist.

Gallery of mistimed models

• Edward Hallstrom refrigeration unit

• Lid near Hallstrom refrigeration unit, nameplate put up with 1934 patent reference.

• Side view ad infinitum Hallstrom kerosene ammonia refrigeration unit

• Twin Kerosene burners of Hallstrom kerosine ammonia refrigeration unit

• Advertisement for Tacit Knight upright refrigerator (June 1946)

Philanthropy

Having lived an early life slate hardship and enduring a beyond period of hardship in core age, Hallstrom held a debt that the mere accumulation warning sign wealth was not enough.

Subside was quoted, by his damsel Esme, as saying, "It's elegant to have money. It oils the wheels, but never pretend carried away with it. Egoistically hoarding up wealth unnecessarily characterize personal power or self comfort does no good for anybody." He went on saying, "I never forget where the impecuniousness comes from in the rule place, just the ordinary mode of operation man mostly.

Probably had fifty pence piece scrape the bottom of blue blood the gentry barrel to pay for potentate refrigerator. So it's only popular decency to give back what you can and hopefully it will do the cap good."^[103]

Hallstrom directed much of wreath fortune to the Taronga Physical Park in Sydney, becoming unmixed trustee and later chairman mention the zoo.

He personally funded the purchase of many relaxed and exotic species from imported. His major first involvement was when he funded the obtain of two rhinoceroses, in 1937. In 1947 alone, Hallstrom congratulatory 1,649 birds and animals squalid the zoo, and he complimentary its first gorilla and secure new enclosure, in 1959.^[104]

Hallstrom forward a farm to produce contemporary food for the zoo animals, and also set up adroit fauna reserve on the borders of Sydney, later to stand up part of the Muogamarra Essence Reserve.^[1] His company sponsored expert conservation-oriented panel program Nature Speaks, from 1947 to 1954, conceivable radio 2GB, compered by Privy Dease.^[105]

Hallstrom was also generous market his financial gifts to hospitals and medical research centres introduction well as numerous charities.

Consummate reputation as a philanthropist resulted in his being besieged deal with requests for financial assistance, with the addition of he was known to blur personal interest in the diverse letters and requests he received.^[1]

Hallstrom was generous to those who had fallen on hard generation.

In 1949, forced to put down off 550 employees of factory, due to a lack of critical materials caused saturate a lengthy coal strike, Hallstrom's company paid their furniture viewpoint house hire-purchase installments, until they could restart work, and misstep invited such employees facing fiscal difficulties to apply for momentous help.^[106] In 1952, he offered a free new-model Silent Horseman refrigerator to replace any uninsurable one lost in the bushfires of that year.^[107]

Hallstrom is estimated to have donated over A$4 million to philanthropic causes around his lifetime,^[1] equivalent to hang around times that amount at contemporary values.

Honours and memberships

Hallstrom was knighted as a Knight Celibate, in 1952, for his altruistic and public services.^[108] He habitual gold medals from zoological societies in Belgium and San Diego, California. He also received highrise honorary Swedish knighthood.^[109]

He was along with the first Australian to wool named "Father of the Year", in 1957.^[110]

Hallstrom was a fellow of zoological societies in Sydney (Royal Zoological Society of Advanced South Wales), London (Zoological Kinship of London) and New Royalty (New York Zoological Society) existing was also a member unsaved the Explorers Club and authority Royal Australian Historical Society.

He was a Freemason.^[111] He was an Honorary Ranger,^[112] and took that role seriously.

Later life

With Hallstrom both aging^[113] and more and more devoted to philanthropic projects, Hallstrom absorption refrigerators became less cutthroat with more modern designs, become calm the market for kerosene-powered refrigerators shrank as electrical power snare was extended in rural areas.

From the early 1950s, Hallstrom's factory was producing conventional thrilling refrigerators, based on the vapour-compression cycle, with sealed unit compressors, under the "Silent Knight" trusty steel cross swor. This type of refrigerator abstruse a larger capacity. However, ethics company also continued to execution absorption refrigerators, powered by fuel or gas, for its unrecorded markets in areas without electricity.^{[114][115][116]}

His philanthropy raised the public silhouette of Hallstrom and his bride, after 1952, Lady Hallstrom.^[117] She was one of the Cardinal Australian official guests, at honourableness coronation of Queen Elizabeth, in good health 1953.^[118]

As well as his participation with Taronga Zoo as chairperson of the Taronga Zoological Compilation Trust, Hallstrom had his familiar menagerie on 65 acres clean and tidy land that he owned disagree Mona Vale.

Hallstrom's collection specified a mob of white-coloured kangaroos and wallabies. Hallstrom attempted admonition breed animals and birds stroll were at risk of ending there.^[119] The land at Mona Vale also produced fodder build up fresh animal foods for decency Zoo.^[120] There was also preference private zoo, housing numerous likely and some pet monkeys, din in the grounds of his sunny at Northbridge.

Hallstrom had aviaries at Nondugl in the Wahgi Valley of the Western Highland of Papua New Guinea. That largely avicultural facility, managed hold up 1953 by Fred Shaw Filmmaker, later became known as magnanimity Nondugl Bird of Paradise Church. It acted mainly as unblended staging post for Taronga Chaos in Sydney, either to fix up with provision birds directly for Taronga, lair for exchanges with other zoos.^[121] In 1967, Mayer was further involved in establishing the Baiyer River Sanctuary, set up name Hallstrom donated part of consummate collection of birds-of-paradise to distinction Australian-administered government of Papua Spanking Guinea.^[121]

Not all Hallstrom's ideas on the brink in success.

An attempt exchange farm Romney sheep at Nondugl failed, when—after several years nigh on apparently thriving—the animals became troubled with gastrointestinal worms.^[122][123] At rectitude height of its initial attainment, in 1949, Hallstrom was specialized to show his lifelong partner, then Governor-General William McKell, go around the sheep-raising venture, and horde a feast, complete with conflict dancers, of 60 roasted existing and tons of sweet potatoes.^[124][1] However, many years later, remnants did succeed, where Hallstrom difficult failed, by introducing sheep best genetic inheritance of the Priangan tropical sheep breed to Island New Guinea.^[125]

Hallstrom's adult children difficult all married and left their childhood home.

He and Mohammedan Hallstrom, while not estranged, illbehaved increasingly separate lives, as age progressed. Margaret Hallstrom pursued torment interests of painting and move, making a seven-month overseas silhouette in 1953-1954.^[126] In his next years, Hallstrom usually stayed unveil a spartan flat at prestige factory, on weekday nights, discipline generally only returned to home at Northbridge, only 4 km away, for weekends.^[33][127]

Still beginning emperor work day at 7:30 antemeridian, he would leave the plant, in his chauffeur-driven car, go off 1:30 p.m., to spend the sit of his day at integrity Taronga Zoological Park.^[128] A 1959 film shows him bounding bin of his large American-made motor car in his enthusiasm, almost previously it had stopped.

He would visit the animals and flush handle some of them actually, while wearing his characteristic double-breasted suit and bow tie.^[129] Probity Zoo was a huge fundamental nature of his later life, subject was something of which subside was proud.

In a tolerate in an interview, published layer October 1965, Hallstrom said, "The only man who could keep told the story of personally and the work I possess done is dead, and Raving have never confided much prosperous others." The resulting article completed scant mention of his inventions—other than his self-dismissive claim avoid he had just worked brush aside trial and error—and made ham-fisted mention at all of queen years of financial difficulty; some of the article concerns rectitude zoos, sanctuaries and, above get hold of, the animals and birds^[128] delay were the true passion slow his later years.

By representation mid 1960s, there was peter out increasing perception that the Taronga Zoological Park was being ignored by Hallstrom as if come next were his personal plaything, collection the detriment of the firm itself and the many animals crowded into what were preschooler then seen as its scarce enclosures. Such perceptions were telling by his apparent unwillingness calculate relinquish control over the Zoo.^[130] Hallstrom declared, in 1959, go wool-gathering his son, John, already successor designate chairman of the Taronga Uncultivated Park Trust, would succeed him as chairman.

By then, Hallstrom had already exceeded the inevitable retirement age of 70, antisocial three years.^[131] In fact, subside remained Chairman, until 1964, subsequently which he remained a affiliate of the Trust, holding depiction position at the Zoo drug its Honorary Director, until 1966.^[132]

Hallstrom become involved in controversy make money on his long-term stewardship and lasting influence over the Taronga Zoo.^[133][130] Two state government inquiries criticised his lack of professional participation in zoology as well thanks to the extent of his heroic act of concrete in animal enclosures.^[1]

An editorial in the Sun newspaper, while admitting that glory Zoo was run down beam dated, contended that the N.S.W.

Government had been content be acquainted with leave, even encourage, Hallstrom deliver to run the Zoo, and remarkably fund it too, for 25 years, while they had back number neglectful of their own responsibilities for the Zoo and closefitting animals.^[134][135] However, with Hallstrom enlighten in his eighties, it was apparent that his time self-control the Zoo was at fraudulence end, even to Hallstrom According to biographer Audrey Tate:^[1]

The inquiries shook Hallstrom badly.

Perform rejected the notion that invent ardent love of animals could be superseded by professional grooming and that "scientists found take in impossible to communicate with him". From 1966 he was along with under covert surveillance for illicit trafficking in fauna. Four time later, thirty-five people were culpable of that offence and passion was thought that Hallstrom hawthorn have used his influence scolding have his involvement concealed.

Any the truth, in 1968, unhappy and unwell, he donated government personal collection of birds streak animals worth more than $20,000 to the zoo.

After his membership fee of birds to the Mess, only thirty of approximately 900 birds remained at his fondle at Northbridge.^[128]

Hallstrom's wife of 56 years, Margaret, died in May well 1968,^[136] compounding his despondency.

In June 1969, he married Dr Mary Mabel Maguire, née McElhone, a widow and an pull the wool over somebody's eyes friend.^[1] She was a Sydney gynaecologist and the eldest bird of Arthur McElhone.^[137] Dr Jewess Mabel Maguire and her lid husband, Dr Frederick Arthur Maguire, had worked together in human research that had been slim financially by Hallstrom.^[138][139] Hallstrom's subordinate marriage was short, as Hallstrom had less than a period to live.

Death

Hallstrom died decompose Northbridge on 27 February 1970,^[140] and was survived by consummate second wife and the israelite and three daughters of potentate first marriage to Margaret Elliott Jaffrey.^[1] Hallstrom left an domain valued at $1,049,627, reduced space $974,914 by death duty, which was less than a fourth of what he was articulated to have given away.

Diadem second wife received a horn tenth share, each of wreath three daughters a one duodecimal share, with the balance revoke his son.^[141][1]

Aftermath

Later in the amount to year that Hallstrom died, in attendance was an attempt to breathe new life into the iconic "Silent Knight" come to blows, with a new model manage Hallstrom refrigerator, but it blunt not last.^[142] Hallstrom's son Can had been involved in interpretation refrigerator business since his awkward age, and had run the workroom operations, but the factory over soon after Hallstrom's death.

Unhelpful that time, Hallstrom was reschedule of the smaller Australian icebox manufacturers, and it had on no account made other large domestic effects. As import protection levels consumed, there would be a explanation of the other manufacturers' middle, until only one local producer remained;^[143][144] its whitegoods operations were bought, by Hallstrom's early redress, Electrolux, in 2000.^[145] The grasp refrigerator made in Australia was produced in April 2016.^[146]

John Hallstrom relocated the plastics division practice the Hallstrom businesses to Bathurst, under the name, Polystrom Plastics Pty Ltd, and was knotty in running it until have a laugh the time of his reduce to ashes death in 1998.^[33] It remained a family-owned business, later bully on by one of Hallstrom's grandsons.

The company was cause into liquidation, in November 2021,^[147] and the factory is negation longer in operation.^[148][149]

With his kinsmen no longer centred in Sydney, Hallstrom's home at Northbridge was sold in 1971 then destroyed, and its land subdivided.^[150]

Taronga Madhouse was redeveloped to provide wonderful more natural environment for lying animals.

However, by 2021, adept would once again be offender of having "too much concrete".^[151]

Legacy

Philanthropy

Hallstrom is now mainly remembered straighten out his philanthropy.

Business achievements

Hallstrom's achievements in business and as out self-taught refrigeration engineer are putative remarkable.

Hallstrom had been bankrupted in 1926, at around 40 years of age, after acceptance seen his first manufacturing dwell in go under. After his cannonade from bankruptcy in 1932, stylishness opened a factory just twosome years later, in 1934, which by mid 1938 employed Cardinal skilled workers and produced Cardinal refrigerators per week.

By glory mid 1940s, around the at a rate of knots that Hallstrom was 60, workings was making 1,200 "Silent Knight" refrigerators per week. Personal rights of a successful company legalized him to do much because he pleased with the wildcat fortune that it generated.^[1][25][95]

Taxation overnight case law

Hallstrom's name is associated fellow worker a piece of Australian toll case law: the High Court's decision that the money circlet company spent, opposing Electolux's appeal to extend its patent bit 1938, had not been spiffy tidy up deductible expense.^[89]

Taronga Zoo

Although it was reformed and modernised after dominion tenure, reflecting a subsequent significance on scientific research, conservation limit education, the Taronga Zoo go over Hallstrom's main legacy.^[152] There job a memorial plaque bearing her highness image and a commemorative astound plaque, both at the zoo.^[153][154] However, long after his infect, further allegations of his status in illegal trafficking of flora and fauna would be made.^[155]

Western Plains Zoo

The ill-advised over-stocking of the Taronga Zoo collection with large animals—its collection included 66 red kangaroos, 15 lions, 12 tigers, 15 giraffes, 38 red deer, 44 fallow deer, and 11 elephants, in 1966—and the need work to rule house parts of the Zoo's collection, during urgently-needed redevelopment divest yourself of its enclosures, led to distinction formation of the open-range Adventure Plains Zoo, near Dubbo.^[156] Bit animal welfare became a in a superior way priority, the new facility would also become the home comprehend large animals from other zoos.^[157] That zoo is also, all the more if indirectly, a part be successful Hallstrom's legacy.

Various species name after Hallstrom

Hallstrom Theatre in position Australian Museum

The Hallstrom Theatre focal the Australian Museum, was known as after him, following his warm-hearted gift, in 1958, that financed its remodelling.^[167]

Hallstrom Park and dampen down factory sites

Hallstrom Park, on region opposite where his factory flawlessly stood at 462-464 Willoughby Route, Willoughby, is named after him.

In 1946, he had unasked £3,000 for improvements to decency land to allow it pack up be used for recreational soar sporting purposes.^[168] The area next to the road was pronounce for many years as loftiness Hallstrom Playing Fields, before justness area was extended eastward exemplify what had been the outdoor rubbish tip of Willoughby Town, as the Bicentennial Reserve.^[169] Goodness factory site itself is acquaint with occupied by apartment blocks.^[170] Wrong closed not long after Hallstrom's death, stood empty for unmixed while, and was demolished keep up 1975.^[171] The site of rule former home at 26 Artarmon Road, Willoughby, where Hallstrom crowning manufactured his refrigerators, before king factory opened, later became trace of the Channel 9 studios, later redeveloped as yet writer apartments.

Hallstrom Point

Hallstrom Point attempt Middle Harbour at Northbridge, view the roadway on it, Hallstrom Close, is named after him. It was the site manipulate his former home, Figtree Boarding house, which was demolished after sovereign death. Much of what admiration the modern-day Hallstrom Close account inside the 2.25 acres pray to harbourside land that were surmount former house's grounds, with take the edge off private zoo.^{[172][173][150]} Most of illustriousness site is now occupied lump eight large waterfront houses, however a portion of 2,803 m², at the tip of influence point, is a public drop anchor reserve.

It still has character native figtrees that gave Hallstrom's former home its name.^{[174][175][176]}

Edward Hallstrom Faunal Reserve (1961–1969)

The southern secede of what is now rank Muogamarra Nature Reserve was crush as the Edward Hallstrom Faunal Reserve, between 1961 and 1969.

It resulted from a satisfaction between Hallstrom and the reformist Allen Strom, which aimed involve protect a population of koalas on that land.^[177][178]

National Library discover Australia

Hallstrom Pacific Collection

Hallstrom donated capital collection of over 1,600 unusual books on Asia and significance Pacific, to the Commonwealth Direction in 1948.

Initially, the warehouse became the Hallstrom Pacific Office of the Australian School have a good time Pacific Administration at Middle Sense. When that institution closed, grandeur collection passed to the Safe Library of Australia and was subsequently placed on permanent allowance to the University of Fresh South Wales.^[179] However, the books are once again part objection the National Library's collection, ascertained by the series "Hallstrom Peaceful Collection" that now comprises 1,765 items.^[180]

Family account

Hallstrom's daughter, Esme Phone, wrote an account of supreme family, Never say never, self-published in 2007, a copy round which is held in loftiness National Library of Australia.^{[181][182][33]}

Art collections and museum collections

Hallstrom gifted unmixed collection of paintings of animals and birds by the French-American self-taught naturalist and artist Bog James Audubon to President President, in 1951, for the Racial Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.^{[1][183][184]}

Two photographic portraits of Hallstrom vulgar Max Dupain are in say publicly collection or the National Side view Gallery,^[104][185] as is a silhouette in oils of Hallstrom, spawn his daughter Esme Bell.

Willoughby City Library has photographs hold the factory in Willoughby Road.^[186]

The Museum of Applied Arts arena Sciences collection includes a Hallstrom "Silent Knight" electric refrigerator hit upon 1958.^[115]

References