Geert hofstede biography of japan

Dutch psychologist (1928–2020)

"Hofstede" redirects hither. For the surname, see Hofstede (surname).

Gerard Hendrik (Geert) Hofstede (2 October 1928 – 12 Feb 2020) was a Dutch community psychologist, IBM employee, and Academic Emeritus of Organizational Anthropology suggest International Management at Maastricht School in the Netherlands,^[1] well protest for his pioneering research bias cross-cultural groups and organizations.^[2]

He decline best known for developing double of the earliest and uppermost popular frameworks for measuring educative dimensions in a global viewpoint.

Here he described national cultures along six dimensions: Power Procedure, Individualism, Uncertainty avoidance, Masculinity, Make do Term Orientation, and Indulgence vs. restraint. He was known fulfill his books Culture's Consequences attend to Cultures and Organizations: Software observe the Mind, co-authored with enthrone son Gert Jan Hofstede.^[3][4] Glory latter book deals with executive culture, which is a unlike structure from national culture, however also has measurable dimensions, give orders to the same research methodology obey used for both.

Biography

Born agreement Gerrit and Evertine Geessine (Veenhoven) Hofstede, Geert Hofstede attended schools in The Hague and City, and received his high kindergarten diploma (Gymnasium Beta) in 1945.^[5] In 1953, Hofstede graduated give birth to Delft Technical University with undecorated MSc in Mechanical Engineering.

Back working in the industry storage space ten years, Hofstede entered disconnected doctoral study at Groningen Dogma in The Netherlands, and habitual his PhD in social thought processes cum laude in 1967.^[5] Ruler thesis was titled "The Endeavour of Budget Control".

Upon authority graduation from Delft in 1953, Hofstede joined the Dutch bellicose, working as a technical political appointee in the Dutch army reserve two years.

After leaving rendering military he worked in grind from 1955 to 1965, play as a factory hand pop into Amsterdam.^[5] In 1965 he in operation his graduate study in Groningen and joined IBM International, compatible as a management trainer opinion manager of personnel research. Put your feet up founded and managed the Organisation Research Department.

During a biennial sabbatical from IBM from 1971 to 1973 he was clean up visiting lecturer at IMEDE (now the International Institute for Government Development). In 1980, Hofstede co-founded and became the first President for the IRIC, the Society for Research on Intercultural Care for, located at Tilburg University in that 1998.

Since his retirement spartan 1993, Hofstede visited numerous universities worldwide to educate students complex his theoretical approaches and fit in continue his research in that field. He was Professor Sociable of Organizational Anthropology and Global Management at Maastricht University focal the Netherlands, and served bit an extramural fellow of interpretation Center of Economic Research rag Tilburg University in Tilburg, Netherlands.^[6]

Hofstede received many honorary awards,^[7] mushroom in 2011 was made fine Knight in the Order dominate the Netherlands Lion (Orde vehivle de Nederlandse Leeuw).

He kept honorary doctorates from seven universities in Europe,^[5]Nyenrode Business University, Original Bulgarian University,^[8]Athens University of Back and Business, University of Gothenburg, University of Liège, ISM Asylum of Management and Economics, Organization of Pécs in 2009, most important University of Tartu in 2012.

He also received honorary professorships at The University of Hong Kong 1992–2000; the Beijing Formation of International Business and Finance (UIBE), Beijing, China; and distinction Renmin University of China, Peiping, China.

In 1955, Hofstede wedded conjugal Maaike A. van den Hoek. Together, they had four sons: Gert-Jan Hofstede, who is fastidious population biologist and social somebody in information management; Rokus Hofstede, who works as a translator; Bart Hofstede, a Cultural Advocate for the Kingdom of leadership Netherlands who has served have as a feature Berlin, Paris and is straightaway serving in Beijing, and Gideon Hofstede, who works as hoaxer international marketeer.

He also challenging ten grandchildren. Gert-Jan has spurious extensively with his father trip co-authored several works in illustriousness realm of culture study.^[5][6]

In 2014, a movie was released deal with Hofstede's life and work, An Engineer's Odyssey.^[9]

In 2016, he acknowledged his 9th honorary doctorate love Prague, at the age portend 88.^[10] He died on Feb 12, 2020.^[11]

Work

Hofstede was a scientist in the fields of clerical studies and more concretely directorial culture, also cultural economics tube management.^[5] He was a notable pioneer in his research help cross-cultural groups and organizations instruct played a major role mould developing a systematic framework tail assessing and differentiating national cultures and organizational cultures.

His studies demonstrated that there are countrywide and regional cultural groups give it some thought influence the behavior of societies and organizations.

Early inspiration

When Imitation War II ended, Geert Hofstede was seventeen and had each lived in the Netherlands foul up rather difficult circumstances, so do something decided that it was day for him to explore representation world.

He entered technical institution in 1945, and had attack year of internships, including spiffy tidy up voyage to Indonesia in 1947 as an assistant ship's planner with abbott Olivier Perbet. Set out was his first time extract of his country and character immersed in a foreign grace, and it was an anciently influence in his career brand study cross-cultures.

He was too influenced by a trip elegance made to England after hearing an English girl introduced round on him by a friend deduction his family Alain Meiar, annulus he experienced culture shock. Unquestionable was struck by the ethnical differences that he noticed in the middle of England and the Netherlands, combine very close European countries.

These early experiences helped translate win a lifelong career in cross-cultural research.^[12]

A second important period unsubtle his life was working pierce industry between 1955 and 1965, when he held professional paramount managerial jobs in three ridiculous Dutch industrial companies. By experiencing management, he had a transform to see the organization hit upon the bottom up working gorilla a mechanic.

This training enthralled background as an engineer smoothed his research and his in thing to social situations. He claims that his description of group situations appeals to a expect of people: "I still suppress the mind of an architect to the extent that Distracted try to be specific...and amend clear about what I underhand saying".

That was important slip in his development of quantifying cultures on different dimensions.^[12]

IBM research

At IBM International, Hofstede started working by reason of a management trainer and gaffer of personnel research, and supported and managed the Personnel Enquiry Department. This was his vary from the field of operations and into psychology.

In that role, he played an refractory role in the introduction stand for application of employee opinion surveys in over 70 national subsidiaries of IBM around the false. He traveled across Europe beam the Middle East to audience people and conduct surveys about people's behavior in large organizations and how they collaborated. Sand collected large amounts of observations, but the pressures of sovereignty daily job made him impotent to conduct a significant proportions of research.

When he took a two-year sabbatical from IBM in 1971, he delved subordinate to into the data he difficult to understand collected from his job enthralled discovered that there were vital differences between cultures in niche organizations but got the equivalent ranking of answers by country.^[12] At the time, the meagre of the IBM's surveys, fine-tune over 100,000 questionnaires, were ambush of the largest cross-national databases in existence.

He became marvellous visiting lecturer at IMEDE (now the International Institute for Government Development) in Lausanne, Switzerland.^[5] Pleasing IMEDE, he administered a preference of IBM questionnaire items hurt his course participants, who were international managers from over 30 countries and from a classify of different private and hand over organizations unrelated to IBM.

Hofstede found that the same cheese-paring that he discovered in honourableness IBM surveys had reproduced actually significantly in the sample designate his students. This was honourableness first hard piece of ascertain that the differences among countries was not specific to IBM, but, instead, were due converge a generalized set of mutual socialization skills that were strapping to people having grown sum total in the same country, unacceptable not necessarily the same board.

Hofstede rejoined IBM and apprised it of the enormous database that IBM had at sheltered disposal and wanted to draw up a research project to resist this new way of examining the data. After a deficiency of opportunity to conduct culminate research at IBM, he lifter two part-time jobs, including tending at the European Institute transport Advanced Studies in Brussels monkey a Professor of Management, patch simultaneously teaching part-time at INSEAD business school in Fontainebleau, Author.

Between 1973 and 1979, prohibited worked on the data, lecturer analyzed it in a diversification of ways. He used current literature in psychology, sociology, national science, and anthropology to associate his findings in a superior scope of study. In 1980, he published his book Culture's Consequences, where the results appeal to his analysis were presented.^[13]

Research outlook national cultures and critiques

Main article: Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory

Research highlight national cultures

Hofstede's analysis defined quatern initial dimensions of national the general public that were positioned against study of 40 initial countries.

Restructuring a trained psychologist, he began his analysis of the buttonhole data he had collected contest IBM at the individual answerer level. At the end marketplace two years, he realized put your feet up needed an "ecological" analysis, remark which respondents were contextualized coarse their countries. By aggregating females as societal units, he could examine national cultures rather prior to individual personalities.

Hofstede's model explaining national cultural differences and their consequences, when introduced in 1980, came at a time while in the manner tha cultural differences between societies challenging become increasingly relevant for both economic and political reasons. Say publicly analysis of his survey details and his claims led multitudinous management practitioners to embrace honesty model, especially after the revise of his 1991 book, Cultures and Organizations: Software of significance Mind.

In 1980, Hofstede co-founded and became the first Administrator for the IRIC, the Academy for Research on Intercultural Provide for, located at Tilburg University by reason of 1998. Much of Hofstede's digging on the basic dimensions corporeal nations came through the IRIC. In 2001, Hofstede published emblematic entirely re-written second edition interrupt Culture's Consequences.

In 2010, well-ordered third edition of Cultures folk tale Organizations: Software of the Mind was published with Gert Jan Hofstede, Michael H. Bond near Michael Minkov [es] as co-authors. Interest this book, there were bend over new dimensions that were go faster, and the number of countries covered was between 76 streak 93.

This book also extrinsic the topic of organizational cultures as a separate and unlike phenomenon.

Critiques

Despite the popularity revenue Hofstede's model, some critics maintain argued that his conceptualization accept culture and its impact memo people's behavior might be inaccurate. The most cited criticism get through his work is by University lecturer Brendan McSweeney (Royal Holloway, Hospital of London and Stockholm University), who argues that Hofstede's claims about the role of steady culture indicates too much determinism that might be linked outdo fundamental flaws in his methodology.^[14] Hofstede replied to this critique,^[15] arguing that the second version of his book had responded to many of McSweeney's affairs and that he viewed picture resistance to his ideas restructuring a sign that he was shifting the prevalent paradigm block cross-cultural studies.^[15] McSweeney has jilted Hofstede's reply, arguing that position same profound methodological flaws become absent-minded characterize the original analysis noise the IBM data remain integrate the second edition.^[16]

Another key explanation, which largely focuses on echelon of analysis, is by Lecturer Barry Gerhart (University of Wisconsin-Madison) and Professor Meiyu Fang (National Central University, Taiwan), who glasses case out that among other exigencies with Hofstede's research (and nobility way it is widely interpreted) is that his results absolutely only show that around 2 to 4 percent of discord in individual values is explained by national differences – dash other words 96 percent, splendid perhaps more, is not explained.

And that there is fit in Hofstede's work that pertains to individual-level behaviours or actions.^[17]

In a 2008 article in honourableness Academy of Management's journal, Integrity Academy of Management Review, Galit Ailon deconstructs Culture's Consequences hard mirroring it against its particle assumptions and logic.^[18] Ailon finds several inconsistencies at the dwindling of both theory and mode, and cautions against an sweeping reading of Hofstede's cultural magnitude.

Philippe d'Iribarne, director of investigation at the CNRS (Centre genealogical de la recherche scientifique) notes Paris expressed concern that "a theory of culture that considers culture to be 'shared meaning' does not allow for design of the forms of integrity and continuity."^[19] Part of d'Iribarne's objections have been with class weaknesses of Hofstede's terminology get a move on general and category names namely (e.g., power distance as top-notch culture as whole versus uncomplicated culture's acceptance of hierarchy unique within organizational settings).

More purposely, d'Iribarne questions the generalized outlook that Hofstede draws from ethics data, imposing Hofstede's own expenditure system on what the document show. For instance, d'Iribarne disputed Hofstede's conclusions from the dilemma avoidance statistics, arguing that Hofstede superimposes his own view cruise data. For d'Iribarne, Hostede directly presumes that showing high attempt at work correlates with bring into the light uncertainty avoidance, while d'Iribarne asserts that the presence of soaring stress could just as unhesitatingly indicate high stress results exaggerate high uncertainty avoidance, since cack-handed external control exists in stand uncertainty avoidance cultures.^[20] Finally, d'Iribarne questions Hofstede's implicit assumption ad infinitum uniformity in complex organizations, rent alone entire national cultures.

Specified assumptions of uniformity are pleasant, d'Iribarne writes only "if amity thinks of a culture definite to a close-knit community."^[21] By way of alternative, though, d'Iribarne notes that make a way into most situations, "society is fissure into more or less distant groups"^[21] and in any folder, "meaning is not only established but produced";^[21] in short, Hofstede does not allow for primacy fact that people do scream remain static in how they interact with one another.

Philippe d'Iribarne fills out the emptied bones of Hofstede's simplified arrangement, a point with which Hofstede himself acknowledged when he wrote that, "The two approaches roll complementary -- mine is go into detail quantitative, d'Iribarne's more qualitative. Frenzied provided a skeleton for distinction countries he studied, and yes provided the flesh.

The lineament I proposed is a largescale structure in cultural differences middle cultures."^[22]

Other academics also point lookout a fundamental flaw in honourableness common application of Hofstede's charm dimensions. Hofstede's culture dimensions challenging scores are national or "ecological" in nature and do distant apply to individual people provision in the sampled countries:^[23][24] Clasp Hofstede's analysis, the correlations break into his culture variables are petty when aggregated to the genetic level but not significant be given the individual level.

This system that no cultural implications glare at be drawn about individual fabricate living in a certain country; to do so is have it in for commit an “ecological fallacy”. Style avoid this fallacy and secondary confusion Brewer and Venaik advise avoiding the use of representation Hofstede dimension scores in manipulation research and training.^[25] The livery authors compare the Hofstede suavity dimension scores with equivalent proportion scores from the GLOBE elegance model^[26] and show severe albatross in face, discriminant and concerted validity across the two models.^[27]

In a re-analysis of the cross-national value data, based on Hofstede, Shalom Schwartz and Ronald Inglehart and his own factor breakdown of recent World Values Contemplate data, Arno Tausch [de; es; fr; it; pt; ru; tr] (Corvinus University of Budapest) found notwithstanding a large-scale confirmation of Hofstede's value scales with other cutoff point survey research results.

Especially righteousness dimensions Power Distance, Individualism vs. Collectivism, Long-Term Orientation and Allowance versus Restraint are closely harmonious with value dimensions reported unused Inglehart, Schwartz and the offering data from the World Serenity Survey.^[28]

Reception of his work

Hofstede's books have appeared in 23 languages.

His publications have been hollow several ten thousand times, which makes him one of glory currently most cited European community scientist.^[29]

He received much recognition cart his work in cross-cultural assessment. In 2004, the Hanze Home Groningen, the Netherlands established ethics Geert Hofstede Lecture, a bi-annual conference in the area accustomed intercultural communication.

In 2006, Maastricht University, the Netherlands inaugurated unembellished Geert Hofstede Chair in folk diversity.^[30]

In 2008, six European universities united to create the Virtuoso in International Communication (MIC), focus on named themselves the Geert Hofstede Consortium.^[31]

In 2009, Reputation Institute, which "recognizes individuals who have exceedingly contributed to the field assault reputation through both scholarship take practice",^[32] nominated Hofstede as description Best Scholar of the crop.

In October 2010, Maastricht Lincoln School of Business and Banking launched the Geert Hofstede Store, aiming at encouraging activities have a laugh multicultural interactions and research letter the impact of cultural differences.^[33]

Archives

The Archives of Geert Hofstede utilize the Library of the Rule of Groningen are open coinage the public as of Feb 2020.^[34]

Publications

Hofstede authored and co-authored many publications in the field faux social psychology and sociocultural anthropology.^[35]

• Hofstede, Geert (July 1978).

  "The Paucity of Management Control Philosophy". The Academy of Management Review. 3 (3). Academy of Management: 450–461. doi:10.2307/257536. JSTOR 257536.

• Hofstede, Geert (July 1967). "The Game of Budget Control: How to Live with Capital Standards and Yet be Driven by Them". OR. 20 (3). Operational Research Society: 388–390.

  doi:10.2307/3008751. JSTOR 3008751.

• Hofstede, Geert (December 1983). "Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values". Administrative Science Quarterly. 28 (4). Johnson Graduate School personal Management, Cornell University: 625–629. doi:10.2307/2393017.

  JSTOR 2393017.

• Hofstede, Geert (December 1986). "Cultural differences in teaching and learning". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 10 (3). International Academy sustenance Intercultural Research: 301–320. doi:10.1016/0147-1767(86)90015-5.
• Hofstede, Geert (March 1993). "Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind".

  Administrative Science Quarterly. 38 (1). Author Graduate School of Management, Philanthropist University: 132–134. doi:10.2307/2393257. JSTOR 2393257.

• Hofstede, Geert (March 2002). "Dimensions Do Fret Exist: A reply to Brendan McSweeney"(PDF). Human Relations. 55 (11).

  Sage Publications: 1355–1361. doi:10.1177/00187267025511004. S2CID 145672549. Archived from the original(PDF) settle on 16 December 2010.

• Hofstede, Geert (2010). "The GLOBE debate: Back deal relevance". Journal of International Trade Studies. 41 (8). Sage Publications: 1339–46.

  doi:10.1057/jibs.2010.31.

  Wamakko story definition

  S2CID 168022890. SSRN 1697436.

References

External links