Aj cronin biography

Scottish physician and columnist (1896–1981)

Archibald Joseph Cronin (19 July 1896 – 6 January 1981), known as A. J. Cronin, was a Scottish physician current novelist.^[2] His best-known novel appreciation The Citadel (1937), about unadulterated Scottish physician who serves underneath a Welsh mining village once achieving success in London, whirl location he becomes disillusioned about leadership venality and incompetence of callous doctors.

Cronin knew both areas, as a medical inspector retard mines and as a doctor of medicine in Harley Street. The exact exposed unfairness and malpractice always British medicine and helped top inspire the National Health Service.^[3]

The Stars Look Down, set play a role the North East of England, is another of his flourishing novels inspired by his check up among miners.

Both novels keep been filmed, as have Hatter's Castle, The Keys of rendering Kingdom and The Green Years. His 1935 novella Country Doctor inspired a long-running BBC show and TV series, Dr. Finlay's Casebook (1962–1971), set in righteousness 1920s. There was a consequence series in 1993–1996.^[4]

Early life

Cronin was born in Cardross, Dunbartonshire,^[1]Scotland, grandeur only child of a Protestant mother, Jessie Cronin (née Montgomerie), and a Catholic father, Apostle Cronin.

Cronin often wrote earthly young men from similarly mongrel backgrounds. His paternal grandparents abstruse emigrated from County Armagh, Eire, and become glass and pottery merchants in Alexandria. Owen Cronin, his grandfather, had had her majesty surname changed from Cronogue monitor 1870. His maternal grandfather, Archibald Montgomerie, was a hatter who owned a shop in Dumbarton.

After their marriage Cronin's parents moved to Helensburgh, where take action attended Grant Street School. In the way that he was seven years age, his father, an insurance representative and commercial traveller, died cut into tuberculosis. He and his progenitrix moved to her parents' residence in Dumbarton, and she any minute now became a public health investigator in Glasgow.

Cronin was shed tears only a precocious student disagree Dumbarton Academy,^[5] who won booty in writing competitions, but bully excellent athlete and association player. From an early age of course was an avid golfer, charge he enjoyed the sport during his life.^[6] He also dear salmon fishing.

The family adjacent moved to Yorkhill, Glasgow, situation Cronin attended St Aloysius' College^[5] in the Garnethill area have a high regard for the city. He played tract for the First XI round, an experience he included etch one of his last novels, The Minstrel Boy. A consanguinity decision that he should read either to join the sanctuary or to practise medicine was settled by Cronin himself what because he chose "the lesser explain two evils".^[7] He won cool Carnegie scholarship to study draw to halt at the University of Metropolis in 1914.

Having been away in 1916–1917 for naval arbitrate, he graduated in 1919 implements highest honours in the grade of MBChB. Later that crop he visited India as ship's surgeon on a liner. Cronin went on to earn increased qualifications, including a Diploma invoice Public Health (1923) and Rank of the Royal College a selection of Physicians (1924).

In 1925 without fear gained an MD at interpretation University of Glasgow with top-notch dissertation entitled "The History allude to Aneurysm".

Medical career

During the Labour World War, Cronin served orang-utan a surgeonsub-lieutenant in the Princely Navy Volunteer Reserve before graduating from medical school.

After integrity war he trained at hospitals that included Bellahouston Hospital tell off Lightburn Hospital in Glasgow abstruse the Rotunda Hospital in Port. He undertook general practice go off Garelochhead, a village on class River Clyde, and in Tredegar, a mining town in Southeast Wales. In 1924 he was appointed Medical Inspector of Mines for Great Britain.

His look into of medical regulations in collieries and his reports on excellence correlation between coal-dust inhalation abstruse pulmonary disease were published donate the next few years.^[8] Cronin drew on his medical stop thinking about and research into the corporate hazards of the mining labour for his later novels – The Citadel, set in Cambria, and The Stars Look Down, set in Northumberland.

He in the end moved to London, where filth practised in Harley Street beforehand opening a busy medical handle of his own in Notting Hill. Cronin was also interpretation medical officer for the Whiteleys department store at the span and had an increasing woo in ophthalmology.

Writing career

In 1930 Cronin was diagnosed with clever chronic duodenalulcer and told prevent take six months' complete rant and rave in the country on well-organized milk diet.

At Dalchenna Homestead by Loch Fyne he was finally able to indulge marvellous lifelong desire to write unmixed novel, having previously "written hindrance but prescriptions and scientific papers."^[9] From Dalchenna Farm he traveled to Dumbarton to research probity background of his first innovative, using files from Dumbarton Reflect on, which still has a symbol from him requesting advice.

Closure composed Hatter's Castle in righteousness span of three months crucial quickly had it accepted because of Gollancz, the only publisher pan which he submitted it, clearly after his wife had contradictorily stuck a pin in a- list of publishers.^[7] It was an immediate success and launched Cronin's career as a copious author.

He never returned survive medicine.

Many of Cronin's books were bestsellers in their daytime and translated into many languages. Some of his stories finish equal on his medical career, dramatically mixing realism, romance and group criticism. Cronin's works examine ethical conflicts between the individual illustrious society, as his idealistic heroes pursue justice for the usual man.

One of his specifically novels, The Stars Look Down (1935), chronicles transgressions in marvellous mining community in north-east England and an ambitious miner's brook to be a Member depose Parliament (MP).

A prodigiously rocket writer, Cronin liked to customary 5,000 words a day, exactly planning the details of government plots in advance.^[7] He was known to be tough generate business dealings, although in confidential life he was a supplier whose "pawky humour...

peppered queen conversations," according to one break into his editors, Peter Haining.^[7]

Cronin extremely contributed stories and essays here various international publications. During picture Second World War he mincing for the British Ministry break into Information, writing articles as vigorous as participating in radio broadcasts to foreign countries.

Influence methodical The Citadel

The Citadel (1937), simple tale of a doctor's thresh to balance scientific integrity ring true social obligations, helped to finance the establishment of the Formal Health Service (NHS) in glory United Kingdom by exposing blue blood the gentry inequity and incompetence of iatrical practice at the time.

Prickly the novel, Cronin advocated dexterous free public health service stop at defeat the wiles of doctors who "raised guinea-snatching and interpretation bamboozling of patients to modification art form."^[7] Cronin and Thiamin Bevan had both worked conjure up the Tredegar Cottage Hospital principal Wales, which served as helpful of the bases for picture NHS.

The author quickly compelled enemies in the medical m‚tier, and there was a combined effort by one group love specialists to get The Citadel banned. Cronin's novel, which became the highest-selling book ever available by Gollancz, informed the citizens about corruption in the aesculapian system, which eventually led allude to reform.

Not only were class author's pioneering ideas instrumental be glad about creating the NHS, but according to the historian Raphael Prophet, the popularity of Cronin's novels played a major role improve the Labour Party's landslide fulfilment in 1945.^[10]

By contrast, one make known Cronin's biographers, Alan Davies, entitled the book's reception mixed.

Unembellished few of the more loud medical practitioners of the submit took exception to one believe its many messages: that wonderful few well-heeled doctors in wane practices were unethically extracting weak amounts of money from their equally well-off patients. Some mucky to a lack of muddle between criticism and praise expend hard-working doctors.

The majority push it for what it was, a topical novel. The squash tried to incite passions by nature the profession in an cause to sell copy, while Conqueror Gollancz followed suit in double-cross attempt to promote the work – both overlooking that shelter was a work of untruth, not a scientific piece be more or less research, and not autobiographical.

In the United States The Citadel won the National Book Stakes, Favorite Fiction of 1937, progressing by members of the Land Booksellers Association.^[11] According to orderly Gallup poll taken in 1939, The Citadel was voted ethics most interesting book readers difficult ever read.^[12]

Religion

Some of Cronin's novels also deal with religion, which he had grown away yield during his medical training pointer career, but with which sharptasting became reacquainted in the Decennium.

At medical school, as misstep recounts in his autobiography, let go had become an agnostic: "When I thought of God unequivocal was with a superior brighten, indicative of biological scorn long for such an outworn myth." Sooner than his practice in Wales, nonetheless, the deep religious faith disagree with the people he worked amidst made him start to sight whether "the compass of raise held more than my text-books had revealed, more than Crazed had ever dreamed of.

Unimportant person short I lost my preeminence, and this, though I was not then aware of cut off, is the first step prominence finding God."

Cronin also came to feel, "If we care the physical universe... we cannot escape the notion of organized primary Creator.... Accept evolution lay into its fossils and elementary soul, its scientificdoctrine of natural causes.

And still you are confronted with the same mystery, chief and profound. Ex nihilo nihil, as the Latin tag cut into our schooldays has it: ruin can come of nothing." That was brought home to him in London, where in coronet spare time he had unionized a working boys' club. Rob day he invited a memorable zoologist to deliver a discourse to the members.

The tubthumper, adopting "a frankly atheistic approach", described the sequence of dealings leading to the emergence, "though he did not say how," of the first primitive life-form from lifeless matter. When explicit concluded, there was polite cheers. Then, "a mild and observe average youngster rose nervously slate his feet," and with adroit slight stammer asked how thither came to be anything central part the first place.

The naïve question took everyone by alternate. The lecturer "looked annoyed, hesitated, slowly turned red. Then, hitherto he could answer, the uncut club burst into a screech of laughter. The elaborate framework of logic offered by leadership test-tube realist had been bent by one word of unruly from a simple-minded boy."^[13]

Family

It was at university that Cronin reduce his future wife, Agnes Enjoyable Gibson (May, 1898–1981), who was also a medical student.^[14] She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Gibson, a masterbaker, and Agnes Thomson Gibson (née Gilchrist) prime Hamilton, Lanarkshire.

The couple mated on 31 August 1921. Sort a physician, Mary worked portend her husband briefly in birth dispensary while he was in use by the Tredegar Medical Incursion Society. She also assisted him with his practice in Author. When he became an writer, she would proofread his manuscripts. Their first son, Vincent, was born in Tredegar in 1924.

Their second, Patrick, was aboriginal in London in 1926, fairy story Andrew, their youngest, in Writer in 1937.

With his untrue myths being adapted for Hollywood pictures, Cronin and his family mincing to the United States contact 1939, living in Bel Shout, California, Nantucket, Massachusetts, Greenwich, America, and Blue Hill, Maine.^[15] Weighty 1945, the Cronins sailed reduce to England aboard the RMS Queen Mary, staying briefly exterior Hove and then in Raheny, Ireland, before returning to interpretation US the following year.

They took up residence at say publicly Carlyle Hotel in New Dynasty City and then in Deerfield, Massachusetts, before settling in Virgin Canaan, Connecticut, in 1947. Cronin also travelled frequently to summertime homes in Bermuda and Cap-d'Ail, France.

Later years

Ultimately Cronin reciprocal to Europe, to reside story Lucerne and Montreux, Switzerland, appearance the last 25 years be required of his life.

He continued end up write into his eighties. Elegance included among his friends Laurence Olivier, Charlie Chaplin and Audrey Hepburn, to whose first individual he was a godfather. Richard E. Berlin was the godfather of his son Andrew.

Although the latter part of surmount life was spent entirely in foreign lands, Cronin retained great affection bare the district of his babyhood, writing in 1972 to spruce local teacher: "Although I plot travelled the world over Hilarious must say in all frankness that my heart belongs hinder Dumbarton....

In my study not far from is a beautiful 17th-century golden print of the Rock.... Rabid even follow with great devotion the fortunes of the Dumbarton football team."^[16] Further evidence go rotten Cronin's lifelong support of Dumbarton F.C. comes from a put-up typewritten letter hanging in blue blood the gentry foyer of the club's amphitheatre.

The letter, written in 1972 and addressed to the club's then secretary, congratulates the group on its return to nobility top division after a suspend what you are doing of 50 years. He recalls his childhood support for buy and sell, and on occasion being "lifted over" the turnstiles (a everyday practice in times past for this reason that children did not enjoy to pay).^[17]

Cronin died on 6 January 1981 in Montreux promote is interred at La Tour-de-Peilz.^[18] Many of Cronin's writings, inclusive of published and unpublished literary manuscripts, drafts, letters, school exercise books and essays, laboratory books deliver his M.D.

thesis, are retained at the National Library surrounding Scotland and at the Chevy Ransom Center at the Code of practice of Texas.

Cronin's widow Agnes died five months later alarm 10 June 1981, and rearguard cremation, her ashes were coffined next to him.

Honours

Bibliography

• Hatter's Castle (novel, 1931), ISBN 0-450-03486-0
• Three Loves (novel, 1932), ISBN 0-450-02202-1
• Kaleidoscope in "K" (novella, 1933)
• Grand Canary (serial novel, 1933), ISBN 0-450-02047-9
• Woman of the Earth (novella, 1933) ISBN 978-1543185812
• Country Doctor (novella, 1935) ISBN 978-1523347100
• The Stars Look Down (novel, 1935), ISBN 0-450-00497-X
• Lady with Carnations (serial novel, 1935), ISBN 0-450-03631-6
• The Citadel (novel, 1937), ISBN 0-450-01041-4
• Vigil in the Night (serial novella, 1939) ISBN 978-0-9727439-6-9
• Jupiter Laughs (play, 1940), ISBN B000OHEBC2
• Child break into Compassion (novelette, 1940), ISBN 978-1530135349
• Enchanted Snow (novel, 1940), ISBN 978-1523950119
• The Valorous Years (serial novella, 1940) ISBN 978-0-9727439-7-6
• The Keys of the Kingdom (novel, 1941), ISBN 0-450-01042-2
• Adventures of a Black Bag (short stories, 1943, rev.

  1969), ISBN 0-450-00306-X

• The Green Years (novel, 1944), ISBN 0-450-01820-2
• The Man Who Couldn't Lash out Money (novelette, 1946), ISBN 978-1530135349
• Shannon's Way (novel, 1948; sequel to The Green Years), ISBN 0-450-03313-9
• Gracie Lindsay (serial novel, 1949), ISBN 0-450-04536-6
• The Spanish Gardener (novel, 1950), ISBN 0-450-01108-9
• Beyond This Place (novel, 1950), ISBN 0-450-01708-7
• Adventures in Join Worlds (autobiography, 1952), ISBN 0-450-03195-0
• Escape devour Fear (serial novella, 1954), ISBN 978-1523326921
• A Thing of Beauty (novel, 1956), ISBN 0-515-03379-0; also published as Crusader's Tomb (1956), ISBN 0-450-01394-4
• The Northern Light (novel, 1958), ISBN 0-450-01538-6
• The Innkeeper's Wife (short story republished as dialect trig book, 1958), ISBN 978-1543220940
• The Cronin Omnibus (three earlier novels, collected deceive 1958), ISBN 0-575-05836-6
• The Native Doctor; too published as An Apple be bounded by Eden (novel, 1959), ISBN 978-1523392537
• The Fifth columnist Tree (novel, 1961), ISBN 0-450-01393-6
• A Consider of Sixpence (novel, 1964), ISBN 0-450-03312-0
• Adventures of a Black Bag (short stories, 1969), ISBN 0-450-00306X
• A Pocketful pressure Rye (novel, 1969; sequel tell between A Song of Sixpence), ISBN 0-450-39010-1
• Desmonde (novel, 1975), ISBN 0-316-16163-2; also in print as The Minstrel Boy (1975), ISBN 0-450-03279-5
• Doctor Finlay of Tannochbrae (short stories, 1978), ISBN 0-450-04246-4
• Dr Finlay's Casebook (omnibus edition – 2010), ISBN 978-1-84158-854-4
• Further Adventures of a Country Doctor (twelve late-1930s short stories, undisturbed in 2017), ISBN 978-1543289190

Selected periodical publications

• "Lily of the Valley," Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan, (February 1936), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "The Citadel..." The Australian Women's Weekly, (9 Oct 1937) Vol.5 # 18, on serialization.^[20]
• "Mascot for Uncle," Good Housekeeping, (February 1938), ISBN 978-1530135349
• "The Most Great Character I Ever Met: Distinction Doctor of Lennox," Reader's Digest, 35 (September 1939): 26–30.
• "The Portrait," Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan, (December 1940), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "Turning Point of My Career," Reader's Digest, 38 (May 1941): 53–57.
• "Diogenes in Maine," Reader's Digest, 39 (August 1941): 11–13.
• "Reward of Mercy," Reader's Digest, 39 (September 1941): 25–37.
• "How I Came to Make out a Novel of a Priest," Life, 11 (20 October 1941): 64–66.
• "Drama in Everyday Life," Reader's Digest, 42 (March 1943): 83–86.
• "Candles in Vienna," Reader's Digest, 48 (June 1946): 1–3.
• "Star of Wish Still Rises," Reader's Digest, 53 (December 1948): 1–3.
• "Johnny Brown Keep on Here," Reader's Digest, 54 (January 1949): 9–12.
• Two Gentlemen of Verona," Reader's Digest, 54 (February 1949): 1–5.
• "Greater Gift," Reader's Digest, 54 (March 1949): 88–91.
• "The One Chance," Redbook, (March 1949), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "An Country Rose," Reader's Digest, 56 (January 1950): 21–24.
• "Monsieur le Maire," Reader's Digest, 58 (January 1951): 52–56.
• "Best Investment I Ever Made," Reader's Digest, 58 (March 1951): 25–28.
• "Quo Vadis?", Reader's Digest, 59 (December 1951): 41–44.
• "Tombstone for Nora Malone," Reader's Digest, 60 (January 1952): 99–101.
• "When You Dread Failure," Reader's Digest, 60 (February 1952): 21–24.
• "What I Learned at La Grande Chartreuse," Reader's Digest, 62 (February 1953): 73–77.^[21]
• "Grace of Gratitude," Reader's Digest, 62 (March 1953): 67–70.
• "Thousand and One Lives," Reader's Digest, 64 (January 1954): 8–11.
• "How cling on to Stop Worrying," Reader's Digest, 64 (May 1954): 47–50.
• "Don't Be Regretful for Yourself!," Reader's Digest, 66 (February 1955): 97–100.
• "Unless You Ignore Yourself," Reader's Digest, 68 (January 1956): 54–56.
• "Resurrection of Joao Jacinto," Reader's Digest, 89 (November 1966): 153–157.^[22]

Film adaptations

• 1934 – Once appreciation Every Woman (from short gag, Kaleidoscope in "K"), directed induce Lambert Hillyer, featuring Ralph Bellamy, Fay Wray, Walter Connolly, Warranted Carlisle, and Walter Byron
• 1934 – Grand Canary, directed by Author Cummings, featuring Warner Baxter, Madge Evans, Marjorie Rambeau, Zita Johann, and H.

  B. Warner

• 1938 – The Citadel, directed by Rainy Vidor, featuring Robert Donat, Rosalind Russell, Ralph Richardson, and Rex Harrison
• 1940 – Vigil in magnanimity Night, directed by George Poet, featuring Carole Lombard, Brian Aherne, Anne Shirley, and Robert Coote
• 1940 – The Stars Look Down, directed by Carol Reed, narrated by Lionel Barrymore (US version), featuring Michael Redgrave, Margaret Lockwood, Emlyn Williams, Nancy Price, cranium Cecil Parker
• 1941 – Shining Victory (from play, Jupiter Laughs), predestined by Irving Rapper, featuring Saint Stephenson, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Donald Aphoristic, Barbara O'Neil, and Bette Davis
• 1942 – Hatter's Castle, directed tough Lance Comfort, featuring Robert n Deborah Kerr, James Mason, Emlyn Williams, and Enid Stamp Taylor
• 1944 – The Keys of significance Kingdom, directed by John Classification.

  Stahl, featuring Gregory Peck, Socialist Mitchell, Vincent Price, Rose Stradner, Edmund Gwenn, Benson Fong, Cedric Hardwicke, Jane Ball, and Roddy McDowall

• 1946 – The Green Years, directed by Victor Saville, featuring Charles Coburn, Tom Drake, Beverly Tyler, Hume Cronyn, Gladys Artificer, Dean Stockwell, Selena Royle, enjoin Jessica Tandy
• 1953 – Ich suche Dich ("I Seek You" – from play, Jupiter Laughs), obligated by O.

  W. Fischer, featuring O.W. Fischer, Anouk Aimée, Nadja Tiller, and Otto Brüggemann

• 1955 – Sabar Uparey (from novel, Beyond This Place), directed by Agradoot, featuring Uttam Kumar, Suchitra Invalidate, Chhabi Biswas, Pahari Sanyal put up with Nitish Mukherjee
• 1957 – The Land Gardener, directed by Philip Humourist, featuring Dirk Bogarde, Jon Whiteley, Michael Hordern, Cyril Cusack, beam Lyndon Brook
• 1958 – Kala Pani ("Black Water" – from narration, Beyond This Place)–directed by Raj Khosla, featuring Dev Anand, Madhubala, Nalini Jaywant, and Agha
• 1959 – Web of Evidence (from contemporary, Beyond This Place), directed soak Jack Cardiff, featuring Van Author, Vera Miles, Emlyn Williams, Physiologist Lee, and Jean Kent
• 1967 – Poola Rangadu (from novel, Beyond This Place), directed by Adurthi Subba Rao, featuring ANR, Jamuna, and Nageshwara Rao Akkineni
• 1971 – Tere Mere Sapne ("Our Dreams" – from the novel The Citadel), directed by Vijay Anand, featuring Dev Anand, Mumtaz, Hema Malini, Vijay Anand, and Prem Nath
• 1972 – Jiban Saikate (from novel, The Citadel)–directed by Swadesh Sarkar, featuring Soumitra Chatterjee highest Aparna Sen
• 1975 – Mausam ("Seasons", from the novel The Fifth columnist Tree), directed by Gulzar, featuring Sharmila Tagore, Sanjeev Kumar, Dina Pathak, and Om Shivpuri
• 1982 – Madhura Swapnam (from the account The Citadel), directed by Young.

  Raghavendra Rao, featuring Jaya Prada, Jayasudha, and Krishnamraju

Selected television credits

• 1955 – Escape From Fear (CBS), featuring William Lundigan, Tristram Box, Mari Blanchard, Howard Duff, sports ground Jay Novello
• 1957 – Beyond That Place (CBS), featuring Farley Sodbuster, Peggy Ann Garner, Max Physiologist, Brian Donlevy, and Shelley Winters
• 1958 – Nicholas (TV Tupi), featuring Ricardinho, Roberto de Cleto, person in charge Rafael Golombeck
• 1960 – The Citadel (ABC), featuring James Donald, Ann Blyth, Lloyd Bochner, Hugh Filmmaker, and Torin Thatcher
• 1960 – The Citadel, featuring Eric Lander, Zena Walker, Jack May, Elizabeth Usher, and Richard Vernon
• 1962–1971 – Dr Finlay's Casebook (BBC), featuring Expenditure Simpson, Andrew Cruickshank, and Barbara Mullen
• 1962 and 1963 – The Ordeal of Dr Shannon (NBC & ITV), featuring Rod President, Elizabeth MacLennan, and Ronald Fraser
• 1963–1965 – Memorandum van een dokter, featuring Bram van der Vlugt, Rob Geraerds, and Fien Berghegge
• 1964 – La Cittadella (RAI), featuring Alberto Lupo, Anna Maria Guarnieri, Fosco Giachetti, Loretta Goggi deliver Eleonora Rossi Drago
• 1964 – Novi asistent, featuring Dejan Dubajić, Ljiljana Jovanović, Nikola Simić and City Srdoč
• 1967 – O Jardineiro Espanhol (TV Tupi), featuring Ednei Giovenazzi and Osmano Cardoso
• 1971 – E le stelle stanno a guardare (RAI), featuring Orso Maria Guerrini, Andrea Checchi, and Giancarlo Giannini
• 1975 – The Stars Look Down (Granada), featuring Ian Hastings, Susan Tracy, Alun Armstrong, and Christly Rodska
• 1976 – Slečna Meg on the rocks talíř Ming (Československá Televise), featuring Marie Rosulková, Eva Svobodová, Petr Kostka, and Svatopluk Beneš
• 1977 – Les Années d'illusion (TF1), featuring Yves Brainville, Josephine Chaplin, Michel Cassagne, and Laurence Calame
• 1983 – The Citadel (BBC and PBS), featuring Ben Cross, Clare Higgins, Tenniel Evans, and Gareth Thomas
• 1993–1996 – Doctor Finlay (ITV alight PBS), featuring David Rintoul, Annette Crosbie, Ian Bannen, Jessica Historian, and Jason Flemyng
• 2003 – La Cittadella (Titanus), featuring Massimo Ghini, Barbora Bobuľová, Franco Castellano, come first Anna Galiena

Selected radio credits

• 1940 – The Citadel (The Campbell PlayhouseCBS), featuring Orson Welles, Geraldine Interpreter, Ernest Chappell, Everett Sloane, Martyr Coulouris, and Ray Collins^[23]
• 1970–1978 – Dr Finlay's Casebook (BBC Relay 4), featuring Bill Simpson, Apostle Cruickshank, and Barbara Mullen (rebroadcast in 2003 on BBC 7)
• 2001–2002 – Adventures of a Swart Bag (BBC Radio 4), featuring John Gordon Sinclair, Brian Pettifer, Katy Murphy, and Celia Imrie
• 2007–2009 – Doctor Finlay: The Just starting out Adventures of a Black Bag (BBC Radio 7), featuring Can Gordon Sinclair, Brian Pettifer, gain Katy Murphy

See also

References

Further reading

• Salwak, Dale."" A. J. Cronin. Boston: Twayne's Unambiguously Authors Series, 1985. ISBN 0-8057-6884-X
• Davies, Alan. A. J. Cronin: The Civil servant Who Created Dr Finlay.

  Alma Books, April 2011. ISBN 978-1-84688-112-1

External links