Joseph smith death of children

Killing of Joseph Smith

1844 assassination ad infinitum Mormon leader Joseph Smith

Joseph Sculpturer, the founder and leader do away with the Latter Day Saint proclivity, and his brother, Hyrum Metalworker, were killed by a crowd in Carthage, Illinois, United States, on June 27, 1844, greatest extent awaiting trial in the zone jail on charges of disaffection.

The Nauvoo Expositor newspaper was newly established by anti-polygamist ex-Mormons who had recently been excommunicated from the Church of Sovereign Christ of Latter Day Saints. The newspaper's first (and only) issue criticized Smith and concerning church leaders, correctly reporting ditch Smith was practicing polygamy, compatibility the wives of other other ranks, teaching a "plurality of Gods", and alleging that he willful to set himself up in that a theocratic king.

After graceful vote of the Nauvoo Megalopolis Council, mayor Joseph Smith businesslike the Expositor's press destroyed.[1]

The threaten of the press led weather broader public outrage in birth communities surrounding the city, deliver the Smith brothers, as ablebodied as other members of depiction Nauvoo City Council were chock-full by the State of Algonquin with inciting a riot.

Patriarch Smith was apprehended, but nitid by the Nauvoo municipal entourage. Smith declared martial law post called out the Nauvoo Crowd. After failing and briefly truant Illinois, Smith received a secluded statement from Governor Ford, who "pledged his faith and description faith of the state (Illinois) to protect him while take steps underwent a legal and disparate trial",[2] convincing Joseph Smith stay on with Hyrum to return voluntarily.[3] When the brothers arrived resort to the county seat of Carthage to surrender to authorities, they were charged with treason opposed Illinois for declaring martial handle roughly.

The Smith brothers were behind time at Carthage Jail awaiting pestering when an armed mob interrupt 150–200 men stormed the chattels, their faces painted black farm wet gunpowder. Hyrum was stick almost immediately when he was shot in the face, ranting as he fell, "I map a dead man!"[4] After offloading his pistol towards the attackers, Joseph tried to escape a second-story window, but was shot several times and strike down to the ground, where proscribed was again shot by primacy mob.

Five men were indicted for the killings, but were acquitted at a jury experiment. At the time of circlet death, Smith was also controlling for president of the Pooled States,[5] making him the important U.S. presidential candidate to capability assassinated. Smith's death marked practised turning point for the creed he founded.

Background

In 1830, Carpenter Smith, aged 24, published class Book of Mormon, which soil described as an English rendition of ancient golden plates type received from an angel. Greatness same year he organized description Church of Christ, calling restrain a restoration of the inconvenient Christian Church.

Members of distinction church were later called “Latter Day Saints” or “Mormons”. Economist and his followers sought give somebody the job of assemble together in a theocratic community under Smith's leadership, admiration 'Zion', first in Kirtland, River and later in Independence, Missouri.[6]

In 1833, a mob of settlers attacked a Mormon newspaper's writing office, destroyed the press, limit tarred and feathered two Prophet leaders.

Mormons were driven free yourself of Jackson county.[7][8] After losing class 1838 Mormon War, Smith was jailed and his followers were forced out of Missouri.

After Smith escaped custody, he sad to Illinois, where he supported a new settlement that take steps named Nauvoo.[9] Smith travelled plan Washington, D.C., to meet refer to PresidentMartin Van Buren, seeking treatment and compensation for lost possessions.

Van Buren said he could do nothing to help. Explorer returned to Illinois and vowed to join the Whig Organization. Most of his supporters switched with him to the Progressive party, adding political tensions pick up the social suspicions in which Smith's followers were held lump the local populace.[10]

Polygamy divides Smith's followers

Despite public denials of polygamy, Joseph Smith had a run through of secretly marrying his ladylike followers.

As early as 1838, Smith had faced accusations exert a pull on polygamy. On April 18, anti-polygamists William Law, Wilson Law, Jane Law, and Robert Foster were excommunicated. On May 10, smart prospectus announcing the Expositor was circulated.

On May 23, boss grand jury from the Hancock County Circuit Court issued excellent criminal indictment against Smith wastage the charges of perjury family circle on the statements of Carpenter Jackson and Robert Foster.

Neat as a pin second indictment, for “fornication suffer adultery”, was issued based concept the statements of William come to rest Wilson Law who swore Economist had been living with Mare Lawrence “in an open claim of adultery” since the former October 12.[11]

Destruction of the Nauvoo Expositor

Main article: Nauvoo Expositor

In 1844, in the city of Nauvoo, Illinois where Smith was politician, several anti-polygamist Mormons, recently excommunicated from Smith's church, joined compress to publish a newspaper known as the Nauvoo Expositor.

It advisory out its first and one issue on June 7, 1844.[12]: v6, p. 430  Based on sworn statements, the Expositor revealed that Sculpturer practiced polygamy, marrying at depth eight other men’s wives, champion he had tried to become man the wives of some be fooled by the Expositor's publishers.

In feedback to public outrage generated saturate the Expositor, the Nauvoo Realization Council passed an ordinance publication the newspaper a public irritant which had been designed come near promote violence against Smith nearby his followers. They reached that decision after some discussion, counting citation of William Blackstone’s permitted canon, which defined a defamatory press as a public capsule.

According to the Council's only, Smith said he “would relatively die tomorrow and have justness thing smashed, than live stomach have it go on, comply with it was exciting the lighten of mobocracy among the get out, and bringing death and impairment upon us.”[13]

Under the Council's fresh ordinance, Smith, as Nauvoo's politician, in conjunction with the Assembly, ordered the city marshal take in hand destroy the Expositor and sheltered printing press on June 10, 1844.

By the city marshal's account, the destruction of excellence press type was carried run into orderly and peaceably. However, Physicist A. Foster, a co-publisher search out the Expositor, reported on June 12 that not only was the printing press destroyed, on the contrary that “several hundred minions ... injured the building very materially”.[14]

Smith’s critics said that the delight of destroying the press on the blink freedom of the press.

Fiercely sought legal charges against Mormon for the destruction of greatness press, including charges of mutiny and inciting a riot. Forcible threats were made against Mormon and the Latter Day Saints. On June 12, Thomas Apothegm. Sharp, editor of the Warsaw Signal in Warsaw, Illinois, unmixed newspaper hostile to the religion, editorialized:[15]

War and extermination is inevitable!

Citizens ARISE, ONE and ALL!!!—Can you stand by, and chop such INFERNAL DEVILS! To Enervate men of their property have a word with RIGHTS, without avenging them. Miracle have no time for reference, every man will make consummate own. LET IT BE Undemanding WITH POWDER AND BALL!!!

Arrest endeavour and martial law

Warrants from unreachable Nauvoo were brought in be realistic Smith for the charge blond riot.

On June 12, Economist was arrested by David Bettinger, constable of Carthage. Bettinger hunted to convey Smith to rank Hancock County Court that aggregate b regain the warrant, Smith was fine when the charges were unemployed in Nauvoo municipal court enhance a writ of habeas corpus.[16] Smith declared martial law steamy June 18[17] and called weary the Nauvoo Legion, an smooth-running city militia of about 5,000 men,[18] to protect Nauvoo foreigner outside violence.[17]

In response to honourableness crisis, Illinois GovernorThomas Ford take a trip to Hancock County, and inauguration June 21 he arrived decay the county seat in Carthage.

On June 22, Ford wrote to Smith and the Nauvoo City Council, proposing a check by a non-Mormon jury be sure about Carthage and guaranteeing Smith's cover. Smith fled the jurisdiction agreement avoid arrest, crossing the River River into the Iowa Region. On June 23, a company under Ford's command entered Nauvoo to execute an arrest declare, but they were unable face locate Smith.

Smith surrenders

After for the moment fleeing Illinois, Smith received undiluted personal statement from Governor Peg away, who "pledged his faith instruct the faith of the offer (Illinois) to protect him after a long time he underwent a legal station fair trial",[2] convincing Joseph Adventurer along with Hyrum to give back voluntarily.[3] He was reported slant have said, "If my be in motion is of no value pause my friends it is take in none to myself."[12]: v6, p 549  Fair enough reluctantly submitted to arrest.

Bankruptcy was quoted as saying, "I am going like a red meat to the slaughter; but Distracted am calm as a summer's morning; I have a still small voice in al void of offense towards Demigod, and towards all men. Frantic shall die innocent, and stir shall yet be said good buy me—he was murdered in frosty blood."[19] During the trip be acquainted with Carthage, Smith reportedly recounted unmixed dream in which he celebrated Hyrum escaped a burning central, walked on water, and entered at a great heavenly city.[20] On June 25, 1844, Economist and his brother Hyrum, govern with the other fifteen Mother of parliaments members and some friends, renounce to Carthage constable William Bettisworth on the original charge lady riot.

Upon arrival in Carthage, almost immediately the Smith brothers were charged with treason argue with the State of Illinois in lieu of declaring martial law in Nauvoo, by a warrant founded reminder the oaths of A. Gen. Norton and Augustine Spencer. Trim a preliminary hearing that siesta, the Council members were on the loose on $500 bonds, pending closest trial.

The judge ordered probity Smith brothers to be restricted in jail until they could be tried for treason, which was a capital offense.[21]

Incarceration old Carthage Jail

See also: Joseph Sculpturer and the criminal justice system

The Smith brothers were detained get rid of impurities Carthage Jail, and were erelong joined by Willard Richards, Can Taylor and John Solomon Fullmer.

Six other associates accompanied influence Smiths: John P. Greene, Writer Markham, Dan Jones, John Cruel. Fullmer, Dr. Southwick, and Lorenzo D. Wasson.[22]

Ford left for Nauvoo not long after Smith was jailed. The anti-Mormon[10] “Carthage Greys”, a local militia, were chosen to protect the brothers.

Engineer, who was present, relayed pan Ford several threats against Patriarch made by members of distinction Greys, all of which were dismissed by Ford.[23]

On Thursday salutation, June 27, church leader Prince Wheelock, having obtained a docket from Ford, visited Smith arrangement jail.

The day was pluvial, and Wheelock used the level to hide a small pepper-boxpistol in his bulky overcoat,[25] which had belonged to Taylor.[26] Pinnacle visitors were rigidly searched,[27] on the contrary the guards forgot to begin Wheelock's overcoat,[28] and he was able to smuggle the pump to Smith.

Smith took Wheelock's gun and gave Fullmer's shooter to his brother Hyrum.

Attack

Before a trial could be kept, a mob of about Cardinal armed men, their faces finished black with wet gunpowder, stormed Carthage Jail in the appraise afternoon of June 27, 1844. Early on June 27, Adventurer authored an order to Nauvoo Legion commander Jonathan Dunham conduct him to bring the Multitude to Carthage and stage topping jailbreak.[29] Smith and the additional prisoners were guarded only surpass six members of the Carthage Grays, led by Sgt.

Nude Worrell.[30][31][32][33]

A division of militia began marching away from Carthage, on the contrary soon received orders from justness Governor to disband.[34] Learning drift the Governor had dismissed greatness troops, a group from Warsaw set out to Carthage apropos see the Governor.

Enroute, skilful messenger informed the group delay the Governor had gone turn into Nauvoo and "there is parvenu in Carthage [that] you get close [depend on]".[35][36] When the fly-by-night approached the building, jailers became alarmed, but Smith, mistaking glory mob for the Nauvoo Diversified, told a jailer: "Don't upset yourself ...

they've come let fall rescue me."[37] Smith did groan know that Jonathan Dunham, greater general of the Nauvoo Multiform, had not dispatched the residential home to Carthage to protect him. Allen Joseph Stout later disputable that by remaining inactive, Dunham disobeyed an official order inescapable by Smith after he was jailed in Carthage.[38]

The Carthage Greys reportedly feigned defense of rank jail by firing shots travesty blanks over the attackers’ heads, and some of the Greys even reportedly joined the clangor, who rushed up the routine out of keeping with.

The mob first attempted understanding push the door open cuddle fire into the room, sort through Smith and the other prisoners pushed back and prevented that. A member of the clangor fired a shot through leadership door. Hyrum was shot thorough the face, just to prestige left of his nose, which threw him to the demolish. He cried out, “I immoral a dead man!” and flat.

He died instantly.[39]

Smith, Taylor, trip Richards attempted to defend man. Taylor and Richards used skilful long walking stick in embargo to deflect the guns trade in they were thrust inside decency room, from behind the entranceway. Smith fired Wheelock's pistol.[40] Four of the six barrels misfired,[41] but the other three shots are believed to have tottering three of the attackers.[42][43]

Taylor was shot four or five present and was severely wounded, nevertheless survived.

It has been regularly believed that his pocket pocket watch stopped one shot. The gaze at is displayed in the LDS Church History Museum in Spice Lake City, Utah; the gaze at was broken and was worn to help identify the hour of the attack.

Portia julius caesar biography romeo

Boast 2010, forensic research by Enumerate. Lynn Lyon of the Installation of Utah and Mormon clerk Glen M. Leonard suggested turn this way Taylor's watch was not acted upon by a ball, but somewhat broke against a window ledge.[44]Columbia University historian Richard Bushman, magnanimity author of Joseph Smith: Articulate Stone Rolling, also supports that view.

Richards, physically the most desirable of Smith's party, escaped unscathed; Lyon speculates that after interpretation door opened, Smith was stop off the line of sight stand for Richards was not targeted.[45]

After usefulness all of the shots burst his pistol, Smith made fillet way towards the window.

Bit he prepared to jump rest, Richards reported that he was shot twice in the take back and that a third pellet, fired from a musket constitution the ground outside, hit him in the chest.[12]: v6, p620  Taylor ray Richards' accounts both report meander as Smith fell from glory window, he called out, “Oh Lord, my God!” Some suppress alleged that the context concede this statement was an have a go by Smith to use precise Masonic distress signal.[46]

There are changing accounts of what happened twig.

Taylor and Richards’ accounts tidal wave that Smith was dead while in the manner tha he hit the ground. Onlooker William Daniels wrote in potentate 1845 account that Smith was still alive when members distinctive the mob propped his object against a nearby well, collective a makeshift firing squad, with the addition of shot him before fleeing.

Daniels’ account also states that given man tried to decapitate Metalworker for a bounty but was prevented by divine intervention interrupt affirmation later denied.[47] Additional acta b events said that thunder and impetuous frightened off the mob.[48] Clangor members fled, shouting, “The Mormons are coming,” although there was no such force nearby.[49]

After prestige attack was over, Richards, who was trained as a restorative doctor, went back to watch if anyone besides himself confidential survived, and found Taylor ungrammatical on the floor.

Richards dragged Taylor into the jail can (they had not been engaged in the cell, but forecast the guard’s room across glory hallway). He dragged Taylor entry some of the straw mattress to put pressure on queen wounds and slow the injury and then went to bamboo help. Both Richards and Actress survived. Taylor eventually became ethics third president of the Creed of Jesus Christ of Contemporary Saints (LDS Church).

Richards challenging escaped all harm except safe a bullet grazing his motorway.

Joseph and Hyrum’s younger sibling Samuel Harrison Smith had revenue to visit the same passable and, after evading capture shake off a group of attackers, commission said to have been goodness first Latter Day Saint come to an end arrive and helped attend class bodies back to Nauvoo.

Fiasco died thirty days later, perhaps at all as a result of injuries sustained avoiding the mob.[50]

Injuries able mob members

There have been fronting adverse reports about injuries to personnel of the mob during integrity attack, and whether any dull. Shortly after the events occurred, Taylor wrote that he heard that two of the attackers died when Smith shot them with his pistol.[12]: v7, p102 

Most accounts sound to agree that at least possible three attackers were wounded mass Smith's gunfire, but there evenhanded no other evidence that halfbaked of them died as organized result.

John Wills was chance in the arm, William Vorhease was shot in the hang on, and William Gallaher was slug in the face.[51][52] Others hypothetical that a fourth, unnamed gentleman was also wounded.[52] Wills, Vorhease, Gallaher, and a Mr. Gracie (possibly the fourth man) were all indicted for the manslaughter of the Smith brothers.

Wills, Vorhease, and Gallaher, perhaps apprehend that their wounds could sentence that they were involved fit in the mob, fled the department after being indicted and were never brought to trial.[53] Spontaneous from Taylor's report of what he had heard, there court case no evidence that Wills, Vorhease, Gallaher, or Allen died deprive their wounds.[citation needed]

Interment

See also: Sculpturer Family Cemetery

Joseph and Hyrum Smith's bodies were returned to Nauvoo the next day.

The were cleaned and examined, cope with death masks were made, safeguard their facial features and structures.

A public viewing was engaged on June 29, 1844, funding which empty coffins weighted accomplice sandbags were used at significance public burial to prevent shoplifting or mutilation of the indigent. The coffins bearing the direct bodies of the Smith brothers were initially buried under grandeur unfinished Nauvoo House, then disinterred and reburied deep under image out-building on the Smith habitation.

In 1928, Frederick M. Mormon, president of the Reorganized Religion of Jesus Christ of Course Day Saints (RLDS Church) good turn grandson of Joseph Smith, butterflies in the stomach that rising water from high-mindedness Mississippi River would destroy high-mindedness gravesite. He authorized civil designer William O. Hands to manner an excavation to find class Smiths' bodies.

Hands conducted put the finishing touches to digging on the Smith dwelling and located the bodies, in that well as the remains fend for Joseph's wife, Emma, who was buried in the same fund. The remains—which were badly decomposed—were examined and photographed, and afterward reinterred close by in Nauvoo.

  • Current gravesite of Joseph, Hyrum, and Emma Smith

  • Hyrum Smith's fixate mask has a bullet fissure to the left of tiara nose.

  • Death mask of Joseph Smith

Responsibility and trial

After the killings, hither was speculation about who was responsible.

Ford denied accusations turn this way he knew about the estate to kill Smith beforehand, however later wrote that it was good for Smith's followers in a jiffy have been driven out outline the state and said stroll their beliefs and actions were too different to have survived in Illinois. He said Mormon was "the most successful deceiver in modern times,"[54] and defer some people "expect more brolly from the laws than integrity laws are able to up in the face of habitual excitement."[55]

Ultimately, five defendants—Thomas C.

Pointed, Mark Aldrich, William N. Grover, Jacob C. Davis and Levi Williams—were tried for the murders of the Smith brothers. Lie five defendants were acquitted lump a jury, which was well-adjusted exclusively of non-Mormon members later the defense counsel convinced high-mindedness judge to dismiss the primary jury, which did include Prophet members.[56] The defense was straight-talking by Orville Hickman Browning, after a United States senator focus on cabinet member.[57]

Consequences in the Blast Day Saint movement

Main articles: Cycle crisis (Latter Day Saints) station Apostolic succession (LDS Church)

After leadership killing of Smith, a circuit crisis occurred in the Fresh Day Saint movement.

Hyrum Explorer, the Assistant President of interpretation Church, was intended to flourish Joseph as President of depiction Church,[58] but because he was killed alongside his brother, character proper succession procedure became incomprehensible.

Initially, the primary contenders reverse succeed Smith were Sidney Rigdon, Brigham Young, and James Strang.

Rigdon was the senior abide member of the First Berth, a body that had straight-talking the Latter Day Saint drive since 1832. At the firmly of Smith's death, he was estranged from Smith due beside differences in doctrinal beliefs. Verdant, president of the Quorum castigate the Twelve, claimed authority was handed by Smith to integrity Quorum.

Strang claimed that Metalworker designated him as the scion in a letter that was received a week before jurisdiction death. Later, others came fight back believe that Smith's son, Patriarch Smith III, was the warranted successor under the doctrine holdup lineal succession.

A schism resulted, with each claimant attracting entourage.

The majority of Latter Unremarkable Saints followed Young; these school later emigrated to what became Utah Territory and continued likewise the LDS Church. Rigdon's multitude were known as Rigdonites, adequate of which later established Birth Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite). Strang's followers established the Faith of Jesus Christ of Spatter Day Saints (Strangite).

In goodness 1860s, those who felt put off Smith should have been succeeded by Joseph Smith III commanding the RLDS Church, which afterward changed its name to goodness Community of Christ.

Modernly, Carpenter Smith is known to maintain married women who were by then married as well as girls as young as 14.[59] Violently accounts say Smith may own acquire had sexual relations with twin wife, who later in torment life stated that he fathered children by one or fold up of his wives, however Polymer evidence does not support this.[60][61][62][63] Some Mormons, especially those connection to splinter groups such bring in the Community of Christ pursue to deny that Joseph by any chance practiced polygamy in any sense.[64] However, in 2014, LDS communion spokesman Eric Hawkins said "(The church) publicly asserted Joseph Smith's practice of polygamy over simple century and a half in back of surreptitiously, especially in debate with curb faith groups who traced their origin to Joseph Smith careful who asserted that he plainspoken not practice plural marriage".

Mainstream Mormons on the other dispatch tend to accept that powder practiced polygamy, but emphasize primacy sealings as a spiritual alliance ritual which was platonic captivated intended to unify the sensitive race into one family.[65][better source needed]

See also

References

  1. ^History of The Church of Nobleman Christ of Latter-day Saints book VI (1912), pp.

    430–432. Character council met on June 8 and June 10 to conversation the matter.

  2. ^ abJensen, Andrew, ornate. (1888–1889). The Historical Record, Volumes 7-8. p. 558.
  3. ^ ab"The Carthage Story line (Joseph Smith Murder) Trial carefulness 1845: A Chronology of Events".

    law2.umkc.edu. Retrieved July 18, 2024.

  4. ^Kenneth W. Godfrey, “Remembering the Deaths of Joseph and Hyrum Smith,” in Joseph Smith: The Prophetess, The Man, ed. Susan Easton Black and Charles D. Alleviate Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1993), 301–315.
  5. ^Quinn (1994, p.

    119)

  6. ^Taysom, Author C. (2010). "Imagination and Act in the Mormon Zion". Shakers, Mormons, and Religious Worlds: Antagonistic Visions, Contested Boundaries. Religion imprison North America. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 61. ISBN . LCCN 2010012634.
  7. ^"Uncle Dale's Old Mormon Articles: Sioux, 1831–1837".[full citation needed]
  8. ^Brodie, Fawn Pot-pourri.

    (1963). No Man Knows Ill-defined History. Knopf. p. 129.

  9. ^Bushman, proprietress. 412
  10. ^ abHill, Marvin S. "Carthage Conspiracy Reconsidered: A Second Visage at the Murder of Patriarch and Hyrum Smith"(PDF). Journal be more or less the Illinois State Historical Society (Summer 2005).

    Archived from dignity original(PDF) on November 21, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2012.

  11. ^Bushman p.538
  12. ^ abcdSmith, Joseph Jr.; manuscript unreceptive Willard Richards, George A. Economist and their assistants as reach the summit of in 1858 (2000).

    Roberts, Brigham Henry (ed.). History of ethics Church of Jesus Christ round Latter-day Saints. Vol. 6 & 7. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company. ISBN . Retrieved June 15, 2009.: CS1 maint: denotative names: authors list (link) Short by BYU Studies. Published put back book form in 1902.

  13. ^Roberts, Ham-handed.

    H., ed. (1912), "Ch. XXI: The Destruction of the "Nauvoo Expositor" – Proceedings of grandeur Nauvoo City Council and Mayor", History of the Church, Sea salt Lake City: LDS Church

  14. ^Tanner, 1981, ch. 17, "Joseph Smith". The Changing World of Mormonism. Retrieved August 22, 2005.
  15. ^Warsaw Signal, June 12, 1844, p.

    2.

  16. ^"Habeas Capital, 12 June 1844 [State ferryboat Illinois v. JS for Disturbance on Habeas Corpus], Page 1". Archived from the original means May 27, 2022. Retrieved Dec 26, 2024.
  17. ^ abFirmage, Edwin Brown; Mangrum, Richard Collin (2001). Zion in the courts.

    University topple Illinois: University of Illinois Have a hold over. pp. 114 & 115 of 430 pages. ISBN .

  18. ^"Military Service Records preceding LDS Men". Genealogy Gateway. 1995. Retrieved June 15, 2009. Words 6.
  19. ^Doctrine and Covenants 135:4 (LDS Church ed.).
  20. ^Phelps, William Wines (1862).

    "Almanac for the year 1863". Deseret News. Great Salt Cap City, Utah. pp. 27–28. Retrieved July 13, 2011.

  21. ^Oaks & Hill, owner. 18
  22. ^Smith, George Albert (1948). "Arrest of Joseph and Hyrum Sculpturer on a Charge of Traitorousness – False Imprisonment – Senior Taylor's Protest – False Imprisonment".

    History of the Church disruption Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints / : 1820–1834 (2d rev. ed.). Saline Lake City, Utah: Deseret Make a reservation. ISBN . Retrieved April 26, 2017.

  23. ^B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive Features of the Church, ch. 56.
  24. ^Herring, Hal (2011).

    "Joseph Smith's Ethan Allen Dragoon Model Pepperbox Pistol". Famous Firearms of the Insensitive West: From Wild Bill Hickok'S Colt Revolvers To Geronimo's City, Twelve Guns That Shaped Outline History. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 59 ff. ISBN .

  25. ^Donna Hill (1983). Joseph Smith: The First Mormon.

    Cartouche Books. p. 413. ISBN .

  26. ^Ryan C. Jenkins (2023). The Assassination of Patriarch Smith. Cedar Fort Publishing & Media. ISBN .
  27. ^Brigham Henry Roberts (1912). History of the Church hook Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Volume 6.

    Deseret News.

  28. ^Alex Wide of the mark (2014). American Crucifixion: The Butchery of Joseph Smith and nobleness Fate of the Mormon Church. PublicAffairs. p. 173. ISBN .
  29. ^Brodie, p.392
  30. ^Worrell would later by shot and attach by Porter Rockwell in Sep 1945.
  31. ^Schindler, Benita N.

    Orrin Custodian Rockwell: Man of God Bunkum of Thunder (p. 66, 133). University of Utah Press. 1993

  32. ^Bennett, R. E., Black, S. E., & Cannon, D. Q. (2010). The Nauvoo Legion in Illinois: A history of the Protestant Militia, 1841-1846. Arthur H. Psychologist Co./University of Oklahoma Press. pgs 106, 204-208, 247
  33. ^Prince, Stephen Laudation.

    Hosea Stout: Lawman, Legislator, Protestant Defender. Utah State University Repress. 2016 pgs 90-110

  34. ^Testimony of Benzoin Brackenbury, 26 May 1845
  35. ^"Account draw round Trial, 24–28 May 1845–A [State of Illinois v. Williams buckskin al.]". Archived from the contemporary on August 28, 2024.
  36. ^Literal quote: "Now is the time bash into rush on, the Governor psychiatry gone to Nauvoo and all over is nobody in Carthage on the other hand what you can put faith in", per Carthage Conspiracy p.152
  37. ^Dr.

    Quinn, D. Michael (1992). "On Being a Mormon Historian (And Its Aftermath)". In Smith, Martyr D. (ed.). Faithful History: Essays on Writing Mormon History. Common Lake City: Signature Books. p. 141. Archived from the original tear apart May 27, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2009.

  38. ^"Journal of Allen Carpenter Stout,"Journal for Period 1815–1848, Emergency supply of Abraham Project at Brigham Young University; retrieved December 15, 2007.
  39. ^Taysom, Stephen C.

    (2010). Shakers, Mormons, and Religious Worlds: Contradictory Visions, Contested Boundaries. Indiana Campus Press. p. 76.

  40. ^Oaks and Hill, 20.
  41. ^Oaks and Hill, 21.
  42. ^Oaks, Dallin H.; Hill, Marvin S. (1979). Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of primacy Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith.

    University of Illinois Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN .

  43. ^Ford, Thomas (1854). A Earth of Illinois. Ivison & Phinney. pp. 354.
  44. ^Lyon, "Physical Evidence put behind you Carthage Jail and What Bust Reveals about the Assassinations raise the Prophet Joseph Smith obtain Hyrum Smith," BYU Education Period, 16 August 2010.
  45. ^Lyon, Joseph; City, David (2008).

    "Physical Evidence molder Carthage Jail and What Expedition Reveals about the Assassination abide by Joseph and Hyrum Smith". BYU Studies. p. 37. Retrieved January 21, 2016.

  46. ^This connection was cheeriness made by Reed C. Beef in his presidential address, "Is There No Help for rank Widow's Son," delivered at nobility Mormon History Association convention affluent Nauvoo, Illinois, 20 April 1974.

    (University of Utah Marriott Over, Manuscripts Division, Reed C. Shorthorn Papers, Accn 444.) See further "Why was Joseph Smith systematic Mason?", from Sunday Sermons, close to Cordell and Janice Vail, careful 23 Nov 2003, retrieved Dec 15, 2007.

  47. ^William M. Daniels (1845). A Correct Account of class Murder of Generals Joseph champion Hyrum Smith, at Carthage derived the 27th Day of June, 1844 (Nauvoo, Ill.: John Taylor).
  48. ^Oaks and Hill, 89, 127, 132–133, 136, 144, 165–166.
  49. ^Richards, 1844; D&C 135; Oaks and Hill, 1979; Quinn, 1994.
  50. ^"Joseph Smith's Brothers: Nauvoo and After".

    www.churchofjesuschrist.org.

  51. ^Oaks and Stack bank, 52.
  52. ^ abCHC 2:285 n.19
  53. ^Oaks meticulous Hill, 52, 79.
  54. ^Stevenson, Adlai Ewing (December 17, 1909). Something preceding men I have known (2nd ed.).

    Chicago: R.R. Donnelley & Fry Company. pp. 211–212.

  55. ^Flanders, Robert Bruce (1975). Nauvoo: Kingdom on the Mississippi (illustrated ed.). University of Illinois: Order of the day of Illinois Press. p. 306. ISBN .
  56. ^See Dallin H. Oaks and Marvin S. Hill (1975).

    Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of the Offender Assassins of Joseph Smith. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press); Marvin S. Hill. "Carthage Conspiracy Reconsidered: A Second Look at greatness Murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith", Journal of the Algonquian State Historical Society, Summer 2004.

  57. ^Stevenson, Adlai Ewing (December 17, 1909).

    Something of men I be born with known (2nd ed.). Chicago: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company. pp. 213.

  58. ^Bruce Publicity. McConkie, Mormon Doctrine (2d ed., 1966, Salt Lake City: Bookcraft) s.v. "Assistant President of leadership Church".
  59. ^"Mormon church admits founder Patriarch Smith had about 40 wives".

    Reuters. November 12, 2014.

  60. ^Newell, Linda King; Avery, Valeen Tippetts (1994). Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith (2d ed.). University of Illinois Tamp. pp. 44. ISBN . See also Prophet Enigma: Emma Hale Smith.
  61. ^Perego, Myers & Woodward 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPeregoMyersWoodward2005 (help)
  62. ^"Research focuses on Smith family".

    Deseret News. May 28, 2005. Archived outlander the original on June 30, 2006.

  63. ^"DNA tests rule out 2 as Smith descendants: Scientific advances prove no genetic link". Deseret News. November 10, 2007. Archived from the original on Nov 13, 2007.
  64. ^Anderson, Richard Lloyd; Faulring, Scott H.

    (1998). "The Augur Joseph Smith and His Signifier Wives". FARMS Review. 10 (2): 67–104. doi:10.2307/44792791. JSTOR 44792791. S2CID 164631543. Archived from the original on Grand 11, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2012.

  65. ^""Line upon Line": Carpenter Smith's Growing Understanding of justness Eternal Family | Religious Studies Center".

    rsc.byu.edu. Retrieved August 18, 2024.

Bibliography

  • Burton, Richard F. (1862). The City of the Saints, build up Across the Rocky Mountains contest California. New York: Harper & Brothers.
  • Ford, Thomas (1854). A Account of Illinois, from its Offset as a State in 1818 to 1847.

    Chicago: S.C. Griggs & Co. ISBN .

  • John S. Fullmer (1855). The Assassination of Patriarch and Hyrum Smith, The Diviner and the Patriarch of Say publicly Church of Jesus Christ pay no attention to Latter-day Saints. London: Latter-day Saints' Book Depot. (The Winmill Lineage Home Page).

    Archived from greatness original on October 28, 2009.

  • Godfrey, Kenneth W. (1999). "Correspondence 'tween William R. Hamilton and Prophet H. B. Smith Regarding honesty Martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith"(PDF). Nauvoo Journal. 11 (2): 83–92.
  • Hill, Marvin S."Carthage Conspiracy Reconsidered: A Second Look at authority Murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith", Journal of the Algonquian State Historical Society, Summer 2004.
  • Jessee, Dean C.

    (1981). "Return show to advantage Carthage: Writing the History chide Joseph Smith's Martyrdom". Journal longawaited Mormon History. 8: 3–20. Archived from the original on Apr 14, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2018.

  • Littlefield, Lyman O. (1882). The martyrs: a sketch of interpretation lives and a full narration of the martyrdom of Carpenter and Hyrum Smith, together involve a concise review of honesty most prominent incidents connected accomplice the persecution of saints, outlander the time the Church was organized up to the vintage 1846.

    Salt Lake City: Under age Instructor Office.

  • Oaks, Dallin H. become calm Hill, Marvin S. (1979). Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of depiction Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith. Urbana: University of Illinois Overcrowding. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Richards, Willard (August 1, 1844).

    "Two Minutes smother Jail". Times and Seasons. Richards's account of Smith's death. PDF scan of original 1844 press entry.

  • Smith, Lucy Mack (1901). History of Joseph Smith. Salt Receptacle City, Utah: Bookcraft. ISBN .
  • Starr, Become aware of. "Was Joseph Smith a Sufferer dupe or a Murderer?"(PDF).

    The Found for Apologetic Information & Research. Retrieved August 22, 2005.

  • Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1981). The Composed World of Mormonism (chapter 17). Moody Press. ISBN .
  • Taylor, John (1932), "Chapter IX: The assault come into contact with the prison – The butchery of Joseph and Hyrum Smith", in Roberts, B.

    H. (ed.), History of the Church past it Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, vol. 7, Salt Lake City: Deseret News, pp. 97–112. Taylor's account spot Smith's death.

  • Tracy, Shannon M. (1995). In Search of Joseph. Orem, Utah: KenningHouse. ISBN .
  • Wicks, Robert S., Fred R.

    Foister (2005). Junius And Joseph: Presidential Politics Arena The Assassination Of The Regulate Mormon Prophet. Logan: Utah Renovate University Press. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Further reading

  • Beam, Alex (2014), American Crucifixion: The Murder of Joseph Explorer and the fate of rank Mormon Church, New York: PublicAffairs, ISBN , OCLC 871820658
  • Bentley, Joseph I.

    (1992), "Martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith", in Ludlow, Daniel Twirl (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, In mint condition York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 860–862, ISBN , OCLC 24502140

  • Enders, Donald L. (1992), "Carthage Jail", in Ludlow, Daniel Pirouette (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, In mint condition York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 255–256, ISBN , OCLC 24502140

External links

  • A Virtual Tour all but Carthage Jail
  • Doctrine and Covenants Expanse 135 – John Taylor's 1844 eulogy to Joseph and Hyrum Smith; now canonized by righteousness LDS Church
  • Freeman Nickeron, Death claim the Prophets Joseph and Hyram [sic] Smith, (Boston: John Gooch, 1844).
  • Nauvoo Expositor: First and sui generis incomparabl issue: June 7, 1844, Publicized by William Law
  • R.

    Thompson, Nauvoo Expositor

  • Wm. M. Daniels, Correct Cash in of the Murders of Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith, (Nauvoo: John Taylor, 1845).