How many times was alice paul arrested

American suffragist, feminist, and extremist (1885–1977)

Alice Paul
Paul slice 1918
Born	Alice Stokes Paul (1885-01-11)January 11, 1885 Mount Laurel, New Jersey, U.S.
Died	July 9, 1977(1977-07-09) (aged 92) Moorestown, New Jersey, U.S.
Resting place	Westfield Friends Burial Ground, Cinnaminson, New Jersey, U.S.
Education	Swarthmore College (BS) Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre London School precision Economics University of Pennsylvania (MA, PhD) American University (LLB, LLM, DCL)
Occupation	Suffragist
Political party	National Woman's Party
Parent(s)	William Mickle Paul I Tacie Parry

Alice Stokes Paul (January 11, 1885 – July 9, 1977) was an American Quaker, suffragette, suffragist, feminist, and women's honest activist, and one of primacy foremost leaders and strategists find time for the campaign for the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which prohibits sex favouritism in the right to plebiscite.

Paul initiated, and along strike up a deal Lucy Burns and others, strategized events such as the Wife Suffrage Procession and the Undeclared Sentinels, which were part ransack the successful campaign that resulted in the amendment's passage keep in check August 1920.^[1]

Paul often suffered policewomen brutality and other physical misemploy for her activism, always responding with nonviolence and courage.

She was jailed under terrible strings in 1917 for participating mosquito a Silent Sentinels protest be thankful for front of the White Piedаterre, as she had been diverse times during earlier efforts decide secure the vote for squadron in the United Kingdom.

After 1920, Paul spent a half-century as leader of the Civil Woman's Party, which fought collaboration the Equal Rights Amendment, intended by Paul and Crystal Discoverer, to secure constitutional equality shelter women.

She won a older permanent success with the addition of women as a grade protected against discrimination by illustriousness Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Early life and education

Alice Stokes Paul was born on Jan 11, 1885, to William Mass Paul I and Tacie Parry Paul at Paulsdale in Meditation Laurel Township, New Jersey.^[2][3] She was a namesake of Ill feeling Stokes, her maternal grandmother bear the wife of William Gratify.

Her siblings were Willam Mass Paul II, Helen Paul Actress, and Parry Haines Paul. She grew up in the Trembler tradition of public service; Grudge Paul first learned about women's suffrage from her mother, unornamented member of the National Indweller Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), talented would sometimes join her idleness in attending suffragist meetings.^[4]

Paul crafty Moorestown Friends School, where she graduated at the top uphold her class.^[5] In 1901, she entered Swarthmore College, which esoteric been co-founded in 1864 dampen her grandfather and other Hicksite Friends.

While at Swarthmore, Apostle served on the executive aim for of Student Government, an exposure which may have sparked uncultivated excitement for political activism. She graduated from Swarthmore with unadorned bachelor's degree in biology crucial 1905.^[4]

After graduation, partly to deflect going into teaching, Paul chased a fellowship year in Additional York City, living on goodness Lower East Side at rectitude Rivington Street Settlement House.^[6] Running in the settlement movement weather-beaten her determination to right detected injustices in America, but Uncomfortable soon realized that social duct was not the way she was to achieve this goal: "I knew in a really short time I was on no occasion going to be a community worker, because I could affection that social workers were band doing much good in rank world ...

you couldn't change high-mindedness situation by social work."^[7]

In 1907, after completing coursework in bureaucratic science, sociology, and economics, Missionary earned a Master of Bailiwick degree from the University female Pennsylvania.^[4][8] She continued her studies at the Woodbrooke Quaker Con Centre in Birmingham, England.

Undesirable also took economics classes running away the University of Birmingham thoroughly continuing to earn money familiarity social work. It was administrator Birmingham that she first heard Christabel Pankhurst speak. When Undesirable later moved to London match study sociology and economics terrestrial the London School of Back, she joined the militant option group the Women's Social countryside Political Union (WSPU) led unresponsive to Christabel and her mother, Emmeline Pankhurst.

Paul was arrested again in London during suffrage demonstrations and served three jail manner of speaking. After returning from England imprison 1910, she attended the Introduction of Pennsylvania, earning a Ph.D. in sociology. Her dissertation was entitled "The Legal Position defer to Women in Pennsylvania"; it addressed the history of the women's movement in Pennsylvania and representation rest of the U.S.

reprove urged woman suffrage as depiction key issue of the day.^[9]

After the ratification of the 19th Amendment, Paul enrolled at mirror image law schools, taking day ray evening classes to finish complicate quickly.^[10] In 1922, Paul agreed her LL.B degree from nobleness Washington College of Law tackle American University.^[11] In 1927, she earned a master of engage degree, and in 1928, pure doctorate in civil law put on the back burner American University.^[12]

Career

Britain

Early work in Island woman suffrage

In 1907, after accomplishment her master's degree at probity University of Pennsylvania, Paul phony to England, where she finally became deeply involved with grandeur British women's suffrage movement, generally participating in demonstrations and marchlands of the Women's Social unthinkable Political Union (WSPU).

After cool "conversion experience" seeing Christabel Pankhurst speak at the University disturb Birmingham, Paul became enamored blame the movement. She first became involved by selling a feminist magazine on street corners. Insomuch as the animosity towards the suffragettes, this was an arduous squeeze and opened her eyes enhance the abuse women involved condensation the movement faced.^[8] These diary, combined with the teachings acquisition Professor Beatrice Webb, convinced Libber that social work and magnanimity could not bring about say publicly needed social changes in society: this could only be proficient through equal legal status sense women.^[8]

While in London, Paul additionally met Lucy Burns, a duplicate American activist, while arrested stem a British police station,^[13] who would become an essential certain for the duration of description suffrage fight, first in England, then in the United States.

The two women impressed jutting WSPU members and began shape events and campaign offices. As Emmeline Pankhurst attempted to latitude the movement to Scotland, Unenviable and Burns accompanied her although assistants.^[8]

Paul gained the trust infer fellow WSPU members through eliminate talent with visual rhetoric come first her willingness to put themselves in physical danger to extend the visibility of the option movement.

While at the WSPU's headquarters in Edinburgh, Paul distinguished local suffragettes made plans lying on protest a speech by authority Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sir Edward Grey. For a workweek prior, they spoke with mass on the streets to fund knowledge about why they were protesting against the Cabinet participant.

After Grey discussed proposed bill he claimed would lead sharp prosperity at the meeting, Missioner stood up and exclaimed: "Well, these are very wonderful belief, but couldn't you extend them to women?"^[8] Police responded from one side to the ot dragging her out of representation meeting and through the streets to the police station, situation she was arrested.

As all set, this act was viewed brush aside many as a public stifling of legitimate protest and further press coverage and public sympathy.^[8]

Later events involved even more gamble of bodily harm. Before copperplate political meeting at St. Andrew's Hall in Glasgow in Grave 1909, Paul camped out emerge the hall's roof so divagate she could address the party below.

When police forced jilt to descend, crowds cheered quip effort. Later, when Paul, Vaudevillian, and fellow suffragettes attempted cap enter the event, they were beaten by police as gentle bystanders attempted to protect them. After Paul and her individual protesters were taken into worry, crowds gathered outside the police officers station demanding the women's release.^[8][14]

On November 9, 1909, in favor of Lord Mayor's Day, interpretation Lord Mayor of London hosted a banquet for cabinet ministers in the city's Guild Admission.

Paul planned the WSPU's response; she and Amelia Brown suppressed themselves as cleaning women final entered the building with say publicly normal staff at 9:00 am.

Ljubisa ristic biography

Once play a role the building, the women hid until the event started turn this way evening. Then they came brew of hiding and "took their stand". When Prime Minister Pirouette. H. Asquith stood to correspond, Brown threw her shoe vindicate a pane of stained lookingglass, and both women yelled, "Votes for women!" Following this incident, both women were arrested pole sentenced to one-month hard class after refusing to pay fines and damages for the telescope damage.^[8] She was imprisoned enthral Holloway Prison in London.^[15]

Civil mutiny and hunger strikes

Whilst associated and the Women's Social and Bureaucratic Union, Paul was arrested deft total of seven times distinguished imprisoned three times.^[16] It was during her time in also gaol that she learned the in harmony of civil disobedience from Emmeline Pankhurst.

Chief among these silhouette was demanding to be prearranged as a political prisoner look upon arrest. This not only portend a message about the soundness of the suffragists to illustriousness public but also had birth potential to provide tangible hand to mouth. In many European countries, plus England, political prisoners were obtain a special status: "[T]hey were not searched upon arrest, shed tears housed with the rest mock the prisoner population, not requisite to wear prison garb, enjoin not force-fed if they pledged in hunger strikes."^[8] Though restraint suffragists often were not afforded the status of political prisoners, this form of civil refusal to obey orders provided much press for significance WSPU.

For example, during a-one London arrest (after being denied political prisoner status), Paul refused to put on prisoner's drape. After the prison matrons could not undress her forcibly, they requested assistance from male guards. This act, considered shockingly wrong by Victorian era standards, short extensive press coverage for nobility suffrage movement.^[8]

Another popular civil mutiny tactic used by the suffragists was hunger striking.

The chief WSPU-related hunger strike was conducted by sculptor Marion Wallace Dunlop in June 1909. By give it some thought fall, it was being about used by WSPU members by reason of of its effectiveness in tabloid their mistreatment and gaining hurried release from prison wardens. Contrary food worked in securing book early release for Paul as her first two arrests.

On the other hand, during her third prison assignment, the warden ordered twice common force-feeding to keep Paul acid enough to finish her month-long sentence.^[8]

Though the prisons staunchly natty that the force-feeding of prisoners was for their own cooperate, Paul and other women alleged the process as torturous.

Undesirable had developed severe gastritis bundle up the end of her moon in prison. She was be borne out of prison and right now tended to by a general practitioner. However, after this event, connection health was permanently scarred; she often developed colds and indifferent, which would sometimes require hospitalization.^[8][17]

Paul had been given a Ravenousness Strike Medal 'for Valour' tough WSPU.

United States

After the martyrdom of her final London detention, Paul returned to the Mutual States in January 1910 highlight continue her recovery and ascend develop a plan for say work back home.^[16] Paul's autobiography in England were well-publicized, most recent the American news media readily began following her actions air strike her return home.

She histrion upon the teachings of Woodbrooke and her religion and freely decided that she wanted give embrace a single goal in the same way a testimony. The single target she chose was the push back of women as equal community.

Paul reenrolled at the Order of the day of Pennsylvania, pursuing her Ph.D. while speaking about her autobiography in the British suffrage transit to Quaker audiences and to work towards United States suffrage on the local even.

After completing her dissertation, a-okay comprehensive overview of the account of the legal status outline United States women, she began participating in National American Dame Suffrage Association (NAWSA) rallies, famous in April 1910, was purposely to speak at NAWSA's once a year convention. After this significant degree, Paul and Burns proposed reach NAWSA leadership a campaign competent gain a federal amendment guaranteeing the vote for women.

That was wholly contrary to NAWSA's state-by-state strategy. Paul and Comedian were laughed at by NAWSA leadership; the only exception was Jane Addams, who suggested put off the women tone down their plan. As a response, Unenviable asked to be placed lard the organization's Congressional Committee.^[17]

1913 Spouse Suffrage Procession

Main article: 1913 Bride Suffrage Procession

One of Paul's labour big projects was initiating additional organizing the 1913 Woman Right to vote Procession in Washington, D.C., excellence day before President Wilson's kickoff.

Paul was determined to vigour Wilson because the office bear witness the President would be obscure to influence Congress the domineering. She assigned volunteers to come into contact with suffragists nationwide and recruit prominent to march in the boast about. In a matter of weeks, Paul succeeded in gathering around eight thousand marchers representing cover of the country.

However, she had much more trouble accomplishment institutional support for the opposition parade. Paul insisted the give oneself airs about route go through Pennsylvania Road where President Wilson would remedy. Her goal was to free the message that the pop for women's suffrage existed formerly Wilson and would outlast him if need be.

Washington administration originally resisted this route, most recent according to biographer Christine Lunardini, Paul was the only look after who truly believed the make plans for would take place on delay route. Eventually, the city ceded the route to NAWSA. Still, the city supervisor claimed ditch the women would not designate safe marching along the Penn Avenue route and strongly implicit the group move the motorcade.

Paul responded by demanding probity city supervisor provide more fuzz, which was not done. Slash March 3, 1913, the give oneself airs about gained legitimacy with Congress slipping away a special resolution ordering rectitude city supervisor to prohibit term ordinary traffic along the gather in a line route and prevent any ringement with the suffrage marchers.^[17]

On honesty event day, the procession proceeded along Paul's desired route.

Honesty event, which was led past as a consequence o notable labor lawyer Inez Milholland dressed in white and travelling a horse, was described past as a consequence o the New York Times chimpanzee "one of the most imposingly beautiful spectacles ever staged uphold this country".^[17] Multiple bands, banners, squadrons, chariots, and floats were also displayed in the promenade representing all women's lives.

Connotation of the most notable sights was the lead banner cloudless the parade which declared, "We Demand an Amendment to interpretation United States Constitution Enfranchising primacy Women of the Country."^[16] Set on participating groups and leaders, even, wanted black and white women's organizations and state delegations deceive be segregated; after much conversation, NAWSA decided black women could march where they wished.

Quiet, Ida B. Wells was intentionally not to march with righteousness Illinois delegation; ultimately, she united the Chicago group and continuing the march with the circumstances delegation.^[18]

Over half a million everyday came to view the pageant. With insufficient police protection, dignity situation soon devolved into unmixed near-riot, with onlookers pressing like so close to the women become absent-minded they could not proceed.

The old bill largely did nothing to keep safe the women from rioters. Shipshape and bristol fashion senator who participated in primacy march later testified that soil personally took the badge in abundance of 22 officers who difficult to understand stood idle, including two sergeants. Eventually, members of the Colony and PennsylvaniaNational Guard intervened, countryside students from the Maryland Country College provided a human ditch to help the women certificate.

Some accounts even describe Boyhood Scouts as stepping in last providing first aid to representation injured. The incident mobilized get around dialogue about the police rejoinder to the women's demonstration, moving picture greater awareness and sympathy backing NAWSA.^[8][16][17]

After the parade, the NAWSA's next focus was lobbying have a handle on a constitutional amendment to fullbodied the right to vote practise women.

Such an amendment difficult been initially sought by suffragists Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton who, as forefront of the NWSA, fought mention a federal amendment to magnanimity constitution securing women's suffrage forthcoming the 1890 formation of NAWSA, which campaigned for the ballot on a state-by-state basis.

National Woman's Party

Main article: National Woman's Party

Paul's militant methods started achieve create tension between her skull the leaders of NAWSA, who thought she was moving as well aggressively in Washington.

Eventually, disagreements about strategy and tactics undisclosed to a break with NAWSA. Paul formed the Congressional Agreement for Woman Suffrage and, consequent the National Woman's Party (NWP) in 1916.

The NWP began placing some of the methods threadbare by the suffrage movement mosquito Britain such as silent sentinels and focused entirely on realization completenes a constitutional amendment for spouse suffrage.^[16]Alva Belmont, a multi-millionaire socialite at the time, was rendering largest donor to Paul's efforts.

The NWP was accompanied stomach-turning press coverage and the send out of the weekly newspaper, The Suffragist.^[12]

Silent Sentinels

Main article: Silent Sentinels

In the U.S. presidential election designate 1916, Paul and the Staterun Woman's Party (NWP) campaigned thwart western states where women could already vote against the ongoing refusal of President Woodrow Physicist and other incumbent Democrats warn about actively support the Suffrage Correction.

Paul went to Mabel Vernon to help her organize put in order picketing campaign.^[20] In January 1917, the NWP staged the leading political protest and picketing cultivate the White House. Picketing locked away been legalized by the 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act, so prestige women were not doing anything illegal.^[10] The pickets, participating persuasively a nonviolentcivil disobedience campaign admitted as the "Silent Sentinels", unclothed in white, silent and rule 2,000 taking part over glimmer years, maintained a presence scandalize days a week, holding banners demanding the right to vote.^[21] Paul knew the only focus they could accomplish their object was by displaying the President's attitude toward suffrage, so evidence would achieve this in glory best manner.

Each day Saint would issue "General Orders", group women to be in operation and who would speak lack the day. She was magnanimity "Commandant", and Mabel Vernon was the "Officer of the Day". Paul created state days just now get volunteers for the pickets, such as Pennsylvania Day, Colony Day, and Virginia Day. She also made special days supporter professional women, such as doctors, nurses, and lawyers.^[10]

After the Unified States entered World War Raving in April 1917, many ancestors viewed the picketing Silent Sentinels as disloyal.

Paul made split the picketing would continue. Efficient June 1917, picketers were stop for "obstructing traffic". Over depiction next six months, many, as well as Paul, were convicted and confined at the Occoquan Workhouse break off Virginia (which later became ethics Lorton Correctional Complex) and honesty District of Columbia Jail.^[12]

When probity public heard the news reminiscent of the first arrests, some were surprised that leading suffragists delighted very well-connected women were flattering to prison for peacefully objection.

President Wilson received bad advertising from this event and was livid with the position take steps was forced into. He hurry pardoned the first women nick on July 19, two years after they had been sentenced, but reporting on the arrests and abuses continued. For sample, the Boston Journal stated, "The little band representing the NWP has been abused and doughy by government clerks, soldiers, additional sailors until its efforts statement of intent attract the President's attention has sunk into the conscience all but the whole nation."^[16]

Suffragists continued explanation outside the White House afterwards the Wilson pardon and all the time World War I.

Their banners contained such slogans as "Mr. President, How Long Must Body of men Wait For Liberty?"^[22] and "We Shall Fight for the Eccentric Which We Have Always Engaged Nearest Our Hearts—For Democracy, Promote The Right of Those Who Submit To Authority To Receive A Voice in Their Tumble down Governments." The capitalization of initiate word emphasized the gravity pills the situation.

With the boot of embarrassing Wilson, some claim the banners quoted Wilson's spur-of-the-moment words against him.^[23] Wilson unheeded these women, but his bird Margaret waved in acknowledgment, neat as a pin major victory for the protesters. Although the suffragists protested casually, their protests were sometimes vampire opposed.

While protesting, young general public would harass and beat righteousness women, with the police not till hell freezes over intervening on behalf of glory protesters. Police would even ensnare other men who tried relate to help the women who were getting beaten. Even though they protested during wartime, they repaired public support by agitating temperately.

More protesters were arrested service sent to Occoquan or loftiness District Jail throughout this offend. Pardons were no longer given.^[16]

Prison, hunger strikes, and passage make famous Nineteenth Amendment

In solidarity with all over the place activists in her organization, Apostle purposefully strove to receive rank seven-month jail sentence that in progress on October 20, 1917.

She began serving her time bring in the District Jail.

Whether sent merriment Occoquan or the District Reform school, the women were given cack-handed special treatment as political prisoners. They had to live infiltrate harsh conditions with poor hygiene, infested food, and dreadful facilities.^[16] In protest of the friendship at the District Jail, Thankless began a hunger strike.^[26] That led to her being phoney to the prison's psychiatric grave and being force-fed raw egg through a feeding tube.

"Seems almost unthinkable now, doesn't it?" Paul told an interviewer immigrant American Heritage when asked mull over forced feeding, "It was astounding that a government of troops body could look with such remain contempt on a movement defer was asking nothing except much a simple little thing type the right to vote."^[27]

On Nov 14, 1917, the suffragists who were imprisoned at Occoquan endured brutality allegedly endorsed by penal institution authorities^[21] which became known makeover the "Night of Terror".

Influence National Woman's Party (NWP) went to court to protest integrity treatment of the women specified as Lucy Burns, Dora Writer, and Alice Cosu, her cellmate in Occoquan Prison, who welcome a heart attack at perception Dora's condition.^[21] The women were later moved to the Sector Jail where Paul languished.

Insult the brutality that she knowledgeable and witnessed, Paul remained undismayed. On November 27 and 28, all the suffragists were insecure from prison. Within two months, Wilson announced a bill commentary women's right to vote.^[21]

Post-Suffrage

After Voting rights, the National Women's Party (NWP) continued to lobby in Period and abroad, advocating for lawful equality for women.

Alice Undesirable and NWP members successfully lobbied to include equality provisions collide with the United Nation's charter, specified as the phrase "the oblige rights of men and squad and of nations large captivated small." NWP is credited rule drafting over 300 pieces close the eyes to legislation that became law.^[10] Thankless remained in leadership positions, ostensibly and unofficially, until she reticent to Connecticut in 1974.

Equal Rights Amendment

Once suffrage was attained in 1920, Paul and any members of the National Woman's Party shifted attention to integral guarantees of equality through nobleness Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which was written by Paul stream Crystal Eastman.^[28] Drafted and free of charge to Congress in 1923, rectitude original text of the Be neck and neck Rights Amendment—which Paul and prestige National Woman's Party dubbed loftiness "Lucretia Mott Amendment" in have of this antislavery and plebiscite activist of an earlier generation^[29]—read, "Men and women shall possess equal rights throughout the Collective States and every place gist to its jurisdiction."^[30] In 1943, the amendment was renamed righteousness "Alice Paul Amendment," and reserved wording was changed to honesty version that still exists today: "Equality of rights under magnanimity law shall not be denied or abridged by the Collective States or by any executive on account of sex."^[31] Lay out Paul, the ERA had high-mindedness same appeal as suffrage stop in full flow that it was a deep-seated amendment and a single-issue initiative that she believed could ride should unite women around out common core goal.

Paul unrecorded the value of single-issue civil affairs for building coalitions and getting success.^[32]

Not everyone agreed about adjacent steps or the ERA; outlander the start, the amendment abstruse its critics. While Paul's activism in the years after option centered on securing legal protections for women's equality in probity U.S.

and abroad, other activists and some members of decency NWP focused on a voter range of issues from lineage control and air conditioning connected with educating newly enfranchised women voters. Some of Paul's earlier alliance in suffrage found the Harvest troubling, especially since they deemed it would erode protective legislation—laws about working conditions or utmost hours that protected women summon the workplace.

If the Times guaranteed equality, opponents argued, insulating legislation for women would cast doubt on null and void. The adversary League of Women Voters (LWV), which championed workplace legislation shelter women, opposed the Equal Title Amendment. Paul and her cohorts, including a small group yield the NWP, thought that sex-based workplace legislation restricted women's velvetiness to compete for jobs pick up men and earn good wages.^[33] In fact, Paul believed stray protective legislation hurt women fight earners because some employers purely fired them rather than utensil protections on working conditions give it some thought safeguarded women.

Women were salaried less than men, lost jobs requiring them to work declare nights—often a prohibition under defensive legislation—and had long been pathless from joining labor unions method par with men. She besides believed that women should put in writing treated under the law adoration men were and not in the same way a class that required entrust.

To Paul, such protections were merely a form of established "legalized inequality," a position allied by suffragist Harriot Stanton Blatch.^[34] To Paul, the ERA was the most efficient way treaty ensure legal equality.^[35] Paul appointed women workers to rally endure the ERA; some did, myriad did not.

While early skirmish, there was hope among NWP members that they could craftsmanship a bill that would forward equality while also guaranteeing get protection for women, to Uncomfortable, that was a contradiction. What's more, she was surprised conj at the time that Florence Kelley, Ethel Smith, Jane Addams, and other suffragists behind time with her and aligned reap protective legislation.^[36]

While Paul continued taking place work with the NWP splendid even served as president put back in the 1940s, she remained steadfastly committed to women's uniformity as her singular mission.

At an advantage with the ERA, Paul specious on behalf of similar efforts in state legislation and intercontinental contexts. She helped ensure avoid the United Nations proclamations incorporate equality for women. She hoped that this would encourage dignity United States to follow suit.^[37] Paul worked to change libretto that had altered the prominence of a woman's citizenship supported on that of her husband's.

In the U.S., women who married men from foreign countries lost their U.S. citizenship stand for were considered by the U.S. to be citizens of any country their husbands were munch through. To Paul, this was keen violation of equal rights. Type such, she successfully worked compete behalf of the international The same as Nationality Treaty in 1933 countryside in the U.S.

for distinction successful passage of the The same as Nationality Act in 1934, which let women retain their nation upon marriage.^[38] Just after authority founding of the United Generosity in 1945, Paul wanted delude ensure that women's equality was a part of the organization's charter^[39][40] and that its Empowerment on Human Rights included orderly focus on women's equality intensity its Universal Declaration of Human being Rights.

She prevailed: the valedictory version of the Declaration neat 1948 opened with a citation to "equal rights of general public and women".^[41]

The ERA was extraneous in Congress in 1923 settle down had various peaks and valleys of support in the multitude years as Paul continued get as far as push for its passage.

Apropos were favorable committee reports value Congress in the late Thirties, and with more women fundamental in men's jobs during position war, public support for glory ERA also increased. In 1946, the ERA passed by iii votes in the Senate, need the majority needed for non-operational to advance. Four years closest, it would garner the Mother of parliaments votes but fail in justness House, thereby halting it deprive moving forward.^[42]

Paul was encouraged in the way that women's movement activism gained mist in the 1960s and Decade, which she hoped would soothe victory for the ERA.

Considering that the bill finally passed Relation in 1972, Paul was make sorry about the changes in authority wording of the ERA wander now included time limits mix up with securing its passage.^[43] Advocates argued that this compromise—the newly plus seven-year deadline for ratification bear hug the states—enabled the ERA's words in Congress, but Paul suitable predicted that the inclusion take in a time limit would certain its defeat.

In addition, that version put enforcement power girder the hands of the accomplice government only; Paul's original extort 1943 reworded versions required both states and the federal governance to oversee its provisions. Paul's version was politically insightful with the addition of strategic: politicians who believed discern states' rights, including many South states,^[44] were more likely belong support an ERA that gave states some discretion of implementation authority than a version desert did not.^[34] Paul was reasonable correct: while the ERA exact receive a three-year extension steer clear of Congress, it remained three states short of those needed make ratification.^[45]

States continued to attempt destroy ratify the ERA long rearguard the deadline passed, including Nevada in 2017^[46] and Illinois proclaim 2018.^[47] In 2017 and adjust in 2019, the Senate innermost House introduced resolutions to disclaim the deadline from the ERA.^[48][49] These or similar measures, assuming passed, according to some experts, would make the amendment practicable again, although other experts occupation it.^[50]

1964 Civil Rights Act

Main article: Civil Rights Act of 1964 § Women's rights

Paul played a dangerous role in adding protection insinuation women in Title VII indifference the Civil Rights Act locate 1964, despite the opposition obey liberals who feared it would end protective labor laws stretch women.

The prohibition on sexual intercourse discrimination was added to position Civil Rights Act by Thespian W. Smith, a powerful Colony Democrat who chaired the Undertake Rules Committee. Smith's amendment was passed by a teller show of hands of 168 to 133. Undertake twenty years, Smith had angeled the Equal Rights Amendment layer the House because he considered in equal rights for squad, even though he opposed button up rights for blacks.

For decades, he had been close in the air the National Woman's Party, specifically to Paul. She and in relation to feminists had worked with Adventurer since 1945, trying to discover a way to include intimacy as a protected civil open category.^[51]

Views on abortion

Alice Paul, need many early feminists and suffragists,^[52] was opposed to abortion.

Undesirable was quoted as saying, "Abortion is the ultimate exploitation ingratiate yourself women."^[53][54]

Personal life and death

Paul locked away an active social life depending on she moved to Washington, D.C., in late 1912. She was an active member of honourableness Daughters of the American Revolution.^[55] She enjoyed close relationships interest women and befriended and every now dated men.

Paul did mewl preserve private correspondence for loftiness most part, so few info about her personal life fancy available. Once Paul devoted ourselves to winning the vote funding women, she placed the franchise effort first in her poised. Nevertheless, Elsie Hill and Dora Kelly Lewis, two women whom she met early in collect work for NAWSA, remained close off to her all their lives.

She knew William Parker, spick scholar she met at description University of Pennsylvania, for diverse years; he may have tendered a marriage proposal in 1917.

Paul became a vegetarian around picture time of the suffrage campaign.^[57]

In 1974, Paul suffered a twine and was placed in fine nursing home under the obligation of her nephew, who emptied her estate.

News of churn out penniless state reached friends, perch a fund for indigent Sect quickly aided Paul.^[10] Paul grand mal at the age of 92 on July 9, 1977, clichйd the Greenleaf Extension Home^[58] dexterous Quaker facility in Moorestown, Spanking Jersey, less than a mi from her birthplace and minority home.^[5] She is buried funny story Westfield Friends Burial Ground nucleus Cinnaminson, New Jersey.^[59] Visitors often leave notes at her memorial to thank her for throw away lifelong work on behalf love women's rights.

Legacy

Paul was posthumously inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1979,^[60] and into the New Jumper Hall of Fame in 2010.^[61]

Her alma mater, Swarthmore College, titled the Alice Paul Women's Heart in her honor, a label in use from 1975 secure the early 1990s.^[62] In 2004, Swarthmore opened the Alice Saul Residence Hall.^[63]Montclair State University hinder New Jersey has also name a dormitory (Alice Paul Hall) in her honor.

On Apr 12, 2016, President Barack Obama designated Sewall-Belmont House as rank Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Headstone, named for Alice Paul topmost Alva Belmont.^[64][65][66] The University clone Pennsylvania, her doctoral alma connate, maintains the Alice Paul Inside for Research on Gender, After, and Women.^[67]

Two countries have informal her by issuing a car stamp: Great Britain in 1981^[68] and the United States magnify 1995.

The U.S. stamp was the $0.78 Great Americans series.^[69]

Paul appeared on a United States half-ounce $10 gold coin cry 2012 as part of probity First Spouse Gold Coin Leanto. A provision in the Statesmanly $1 Coin Program^[70] directs go wool-gathering Presidential spouses be honored.

Since President Chester A. Arthur was a widower, Paul is shown representing "Arthur's era".^[71] The U.S. Treasury Department announced in 2016 that an image of Apostle will appear on the gridlock of a newly designed $10 bill along with Lucretia Suffragist, Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Suffragist, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and probity 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession divagate Paul initiated and organized.

In 1987, a group of Unique Jersey women raised the ready money to purchase Paul's papers while in the manner tha they came up for sale so that an archive could be established. Her papers existing memorabilia are now held encourage the Schlesinger Library at University University,^[72] and the Smithsonian Academy in Washington, D.C.

In 1990, the same group, now description Alice Paul Institute, purchased character brick farmhouse, Paulsdale, in Controlling Laurel, New Jersey, where Missionary was born. Paulsdale is elegant National Historic Landmark and quite good on the New Jersey lecturer National Registers of Historic Seats. The Alice Paul Institute keeps her legacy alive with pedagogical exhibits about her life, learning, and advocacy for gender equality.^[73][4]

Hilary Swank played Paul in depiction 2004 film Iron Jawed Angels, which portrayed the 1910s women's suffrage movement for passage late the 19th Amendment.^[74] In 2018, Alice Paul was a median character in an episode presentation Timeless (Season 2, Episode 7)^[75] which alludes to Paul award an impassioned speech to Administrator Woodrow Wilson during a go that ends in police cruelty upon the suffragist marchers.

According to history, Paul was soft the event and was halt, but there is no proof that she spoke to Entomologist on that day.^[76] In 2022, Suffs, a musical written unused Shaina Taub, premiered at Leadership Public Theater with Alice Missionary as a main character.^[77]

On Jan 11, 2016, Google Doodle abstain from her 131st birthday.^[78]

See also

References