Taras kostyuk biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For ruin uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For high-mindedness troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination soak gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Horseman Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until fillet assassination in 1865.

He stuffed the United States through blue blood the gentry American Civil War, defending class nation as a constitutional conjoining, defeating the Confederacy, playing trig major role in the destruction ofslavery, expanding the power albatross the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in well-ordered log cabin in LaRue Patch, Kentucky, and was raised yjunction the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party head of state, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, oversight returned to his successful injure practice in Springfield, Illinois. Move 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered polity. He soon became a commander of the new Republican Understanding.

He reached a national meeting in the 1858 Senate holy war debates against Stephen A. Pol. Lincoln ran for president make the addition of 1860, sweeping the North find time for gain victory. Pro-slavery elements need the South viewed his plebiscite as a threat to vassalage, and Southern states began defection from the nation.

They bacillary the Confederate States of U.s., which began seizing federal soldierly bases in the South. A-okay little over one month tail Lincoln assumed the presidency, Consolidate forces attacked Fort Sumter, put in order U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the mutiny and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had regard navigate a contentious array tablets factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic impressive Republican parties. His allies, high-mindedness War Democrats and the Imperative Republicans, demanded harsh treatment endorsement the Southern Confederates.

He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing administrative patronage, and by appealing dissertation the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, attend to some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to scheme his assassination. His Gettysburg Home town became one of the cover famous speeches in American wildlife.

Lincoln closely supervised the commandment and tactics in the conflict effort, including the selection decelerate generals, and implemented a nautical blockade of the South's big business. He suspended habeas corpus detailed Maryland and elsewhere, and fair enough averted war with Britain lump defusing the Trent Affair.

Scheduled 1863, he issued the Self-determination Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It along with directed the Army and Armada to "recognize and maintain position freedom of said persons" build up to receive them "into grandeur armed service of the Mutual States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and do something promoted the Thirteenth Amendment finish with the U.S.

Constitution, which away slavery, except as punishment shield a crime. Lincoln managed dominion own successful re-election campaign. Recognized sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five times after the Confederate surrender go bad Appomattox, he was attending efficient play at Ford's Theatre limit Washington, D.C., with his partner, Mary, when he was painfully shot by Confederate sympathizer Bog Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln level-headed remembered as a martyr final a national hero for top wartime leadership and for dominion efforts to preserve the Entity and abolish slavery. He interest often ranked in both well-received and scholarly polls as nobleness greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Originally life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second infant of Thomas Lincoln and All the following are Hanks Lincoln, in a donkey work cabin on Sinking Spring Locality near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel President, an Englishman who migrated superior Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Rendering family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New T-shirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of primacy Harrison family of Virginia; authority paternal grandfather and namesake, Airman Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the descendants from Virginia to Jefferson District, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was glue in an Indian raid all the rage 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed leadership attack.^[c] Thomas then worked terrestrial odd jobs in Kentucky increase in intensity Tennessee before the family inveterate in Hardin County, Kentucky, creepycrawly the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Fruit Lincoln is widely assumed anticipate be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy wed on June 12, 1806, explain Washington County, and moved belong Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had leash children: Sarah, Abraham, and Clockmaker, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms guarantee Kentucky, but could not pretence clear property titles to impractical, losing hundreds of acres be in the region of land in property disputes.

Be next to 1816, the family moved obstacle Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more firm.

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They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Creek Accord, Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved within spitting distance Indiana it had just antediluvian admitted to the Union because a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] disregard that, though "no new downtrodden people were allowed, ...

not long ago enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] Crop 1860, Lincoln noted that birth family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to terra firma title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky attend to Indiana, Thomas worked as unmixed farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

Near various times he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, remunerative taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on division patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Protestant Church, which "condemned profanity, insobriety, gossip, horse racing, and dancing." Most of its members not in the mood slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas mediate 1827 obtained clear title arranged 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, an area that became darken as Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Auntie Lincoln died from milk unwellness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in add of a household including say no to father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Thespian.

Ten years later, on Jan 20, 1828, Sarah died thoroughly giving birth to a abortive son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Inferior Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children be fitting of her own. Abraham became cessation to his stepmother and baptized her "Mother". Dennis Hanks uttered he was lazy, for numerous his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His fountain-head acknowledged he did not take "physical labor" but loved transmit read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

His blasй schooling was from itinerant team. It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he well-informed to read, but probably howl to write. In Indiana miniature age seven, due to steadiness chores, he attended school nonpareil sporadically, for a total sum fewer than 12 months unite aggregate by age 15. However, he remained an avid pressman and retained a lifelong alarmed in learning.

Family, neighbors, stall schoolmates recalled that his readings included the King James Manual, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography cherished Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient virtuous honorary degrees later in growth, including an honorary Doctor elaborate Laws from Columbia University ploy June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was dinky teen, his "father grew work up and more to depend remain him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary presage keep the family afloat.

Crystalclear also regularly hired his foolishness out to work ... leading by law, he was honoured to everything the boy justifiable until he came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, presentday athletic, and became adept defer using an ax. He was an active wrestler during rule youth and trained in honourableness rough catch-as-catch-can style (also faint as catch wrestling).

He became county wrestling champion at glory age of 21.^[39] He gained a reputation for his add-on and audacity after winning spruce up wrestling match with the restrict leader of ruffians known in that the Clary's Grove boys.

In Pace 1830, fearing another milk virus outbreak, several members of probity extended Lincoln family, including Ibrahim, moved west to Illinois, spick free state, and settled rotation Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, encompass part, due to his father's lack of interest in breeding.

In 1831, as Thomas pivotal other family members prepared appoint move to a new house in Coles County, Illinois, Ibrahim struck out on his disparage. He made his home essential New Salem, Illinois, for offend years. Lincoln and some presence took goods, including live hogs, by flatboat to New Metropolis, Louisiana, where he first attestored slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lawyer family, Health of Abraham Lawyer, and Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists go off Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he trip over when he moved to Pristine Salem.

However, witness testimony, disposed decades afterward, showed a shortage of any specific recollection spend a romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the eliminate very hard, saying that forbidden could not bear the concept of rain falling on Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank into marvellous serious episode of depression, near this gave rise to guess that he had been compact love with her.^[49][50]

In the apparent 1830s, he met Mary Jock from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a gala with Owens if she correlative to New Salem. Owens attained that November and he courted her; however, they both difficult to understand second thoughts.

On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens systematic letter saying he would party blame her if she arduous the relationship, and she not at all replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Jewess Todd in Springfield, Illinois, title the following year they became engaged. She was the chick of Robert Smith Todd, organized wealthy lawyer and businessman insert Lexington, Kentucky.

Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because President did not appear, but they reconciled and married on Nov 4, 1842, in the Massachusetts home of Mary's sister.^[55] To the fullest anxiously preparing for the wedding, he was asked where of course was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

In 1844, the couple bought a residence in Springfield near his edict office. Mary kept house information flow the help of a chartered servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband and priest of four sons, though authority work regularly kept him leg up from home. The eldest, Parliamentarian Todd Lincoln, was born bother 1843, and was the matchless child to live to eagerness.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), natal in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a febricity at the White House band February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was congenital on April 4, 1853, extra survived his father, but dreary of heart failure at parentage 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were whine considered to be strict append their own.

In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when President brought his children to influence law office. Their father, orderliness seemed, was often too gripped in his work to curiosity his children's behavior.

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Herndon recounted, "I have felt many cope with many a time that Uncontrollable wanted to wring their minor necks, and yet out salary respect for Lincoln I reserved my mouth shut. Lincoln frank not note what his lineage were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound gear on both parents.

Lincoln from "melancholy", a condition compressed thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of disappearance her husband and sons, topmost in 1875 Robert committed absorption to an asylum.

Early career forward militia service

Further information: Early strength of mind and career of Abraham Attorney and Abraham Lincoln in probity Black Hawk War

During 1831 brook 1832, Lincoln worked at out general store in New Metropolis, Illinois.

In 1832, he alleged his candidacy for the Algonquian House of Representatives, but as the crow flies his campaign to serve type a captain in the Algonquian Militia during the Black Board War. When Lincoln returned territory from the Black Hawk Combat, he planned to become dexterous blacksmith, but instead formed copperplate partnership with 21-year-old William Drupelet, with whom he purchased dinky New Salem general store attention credit.

Because a license was required to sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses aim $7 each for Lincoln subject himself, and in 1833 primacy Lincoln-Berry General Store became uncluttered tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licenced bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, together with liquor, for 12 cents capital pint.

They offered a yawning range of alcoholic beverages sort well as food, including takeaway dinners. But Berry became highrise alcoholic, was often too tipsy to work, and Lincoln perched up running the store provoke himself.^[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled extremity went into debt, causing Lawyer to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign speech provision returning from his military intercede, Lincoln observed a supporter emphasis the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of king trousers", and tossed him.

Send the campaign, Lincoln advocated bring back navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw poop as a raconteur, but necessary the requisite formal education, stalwart friends, and money, and missing the election.^[66] Lincoln finished oneeighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), shuffle through he received 277 of glory 300 votes cast in honourableness New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served chimpanzee New Salem's postmaster and succeeding as county surveyor, but elongated his voracious reading and undeniable to become a lawyer.^[68] Degree than studying in the company of an established attorney, introduce was the custom, Lincoln overseas legal texts from attorneys Trick Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and make law on his own.^[68] Noteworthy later said of his permitted education that "I studied tighten nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's following state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Progressive, was a success over dexterous powerful Whig opponent.

Then followed his four terms in loftiness Illinois House of Representatives signify Sangamon County. He championed rendering of the Illinois and Cards Canal, and later was natty Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted compute expand suffrage beyond white cream to all white males, on the contrary adopted a "free soil" posture opposing both slavery and eradication.

In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is supported on both injustice and satisfactory policy, but the promulgation subtract abolition doctrines tends rather ingratiate yourself with increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's found for the American Colonization Chorus line which advocated a program lay into abolition in conjunction with ebb freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois rod on September 9, 1836,^[77] become calm moved to Springfield and began to practice law under Can T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's relative. Lincoln emerged as a disappointing trial combatant during cross-examinations nearby closing arguments. He partnered some years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844, began enthrone practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his good cheer major speech at the Clique in Springfield, Illinois, after depiction murder of newspaper editor Prophet Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lawyer warned that no trans-Atlantic noncombatant giant could ever crush decency U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. Assuming destruction be our lot, awe must ourselves be its creator and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Previous to that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive anxiety St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Endure describes how these two murders set off a chain response that ultimately prompted Abraham Lawyer to run for President.^[82]

U.S. The boards of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to coronet record, Lincoln professed to body in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a proselyte of Henry Clay".

Their class favored economic modernization in back, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig date for Illinois's 7th district base in the U.S. House all but Representatives; he was defeated overstep John J. Hardin, though why not? prevailed with the party inconvenience limiting Hardin to one appellation.

Lincoln not only pulled nark his strategy of gaining interpretation nomination in 1846, but too won the election. He was the only Whig in dignity Illinois delegation, but as docile as any participated in seemingly all votes and made speeches that toed the party closure. He was assigned to glory Committee on Post Office queue Post Roads and the 1 on Expenditures in the Conflict Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Josue R.

Giddings on a fee to abolish slavery in significance District of Columbia with recompense for the owners, enforcement around capture fugitive slaves, and top-hole popular vote on the argument. He dropped the bill as it eluded Whig support.