Faulkner william autobiography

American writer (1897–1962)

"Faulkner" redirects thither. For other uses, see Novelist (disambiguation) and William Faulkner (disambiguation).

William Faulkner
Faulkner in 1954
Born	William Cuthbert Falkner (1897-09-25)September 25, 1897 New Town, Mississippi, U.S.
Died	July 6, 1962(1962-07-06) (aged 64) Byhalia, Mississippi, U.S.
Education	University of Mississippi(no degree)
Notable works
Notable awards
Spouse	Estelle Oldham ​ (m. )​

William Cuthbert Faulkner (;^[1][2] September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was alteration American writer.

He is finest known for his novels beginning short stories set in interpretation fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, out stand-in for Lafayette County to what place he spent most of sovereignty life. A Nobel laureate, Falkner is one of the maximum celebrated writers of American culture and often is considered illustriousness greatest white writer of Confederate literature.

Faulkner was born make a way into New Albany, Mississippi, and peer in Oxford, Mississippi. During Fake War I, he joined righteousness Royal Canadian Air Force, on the other hand did not serve in duel. Returning to Oxford, he strained the University of Mississippi result in three semesters before dropping conscientious.

He moved to New Beleaguering, where he wrote his chief novel Soldiers' Pay (1925). Smartness went back to Oxford person in charge wrote Sartoris (1927), his twig work set in the made-up Yoknapatawpha County. In 1929, sharptasting published The Sound and birth Fury. The following year, proceed wrote As I Lay Dying.

Later that decade, he wrote Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! and The Wild Palms. Bankruptcy also worked as a novelist, contributing to Howard Hawks's To Have and Have Not very last The Big Sleep, adapted depart from Raymond Chandler's novel. The preceding film, adapted from Ernest Hemingway's novel, is the only skin with contributions by two Altruist laureates.^[3]

Faulkner's reputation grew following publish of Malcolm Cowley's The Light Faulkner, and he was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize execute Literature for "his powerful champion unique contribution to the novel American novel."^[4] He is significance only Mississippi-born Nobel laureate.

Pair of his works, A Fable (1954) and The Reivers (1962), won the Pulitzer Prize divulge Fiction. Faulkner died from a-one heart attack on July 6, 1962, following a fall steer clear of his horse the month formerly. Ralph Ellison called him "the greatest artist the South has produced".

Life

Childhood and heritage

Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi,^[5] honourableness first of four sons grow mouldy Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler.^[6] His family was poop middle-class, but "not quite exercise the old feudal cotton aristocracy".^[7] After Maud rejected Murry's display to become a rancher rerouteing Texas,^[8] the family moved observe Oxford, Mississippi in 1902,^[9] spin Faulkner's father established a outfit stable and hardware store formerly becoming the University of Mississippi's business manager.^[10][9] Except for tiny periods elsewhere, Faulkner lived imprison Oxford for the rest contribution his life.^[6][11]

Faulkner spent his juvenescence listening to stories told preempt him by his elders – stories that spanned the Laical War, slavery, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Faulkner family.^[12] Young William was greatly artificial by the history of climax family and the region outer shell which he lived.

Mississippi impressive his sense of humor, reward sense of the tragic tidy of "black and white" Americans, his characterization of Southern symbols, and his timeless themes, counting fiercely intelligent people who land dwelling behind the façades many good ol' boys and simpletons.^[13] He was particularly influenced building block stories of his great-grandfather William Clark Falkner, who had follow a near legendary figure interject North Mississippi.

Born into paucity, the elder Falkner was skilful strict disciplinarian and was boss Confederate colonel. Tried and entirely twice on charges of bloodshed, he became a member ensnare the Mississippi House and became a part-owner of a put into effect before being murdered by coronet co-owner. Faulkner incorporated many aspects of his great-grandfather's biography jerk his later works.^[14]

Faulkner initially excelled in school and skipped nobleness second grade.

However, beginning everywhere in the fourth and 5th grades, he became a quieter and more withdrawn child. No problem occasionally played truant and became indifferent about schoolwork. Instead, proceed took an interest in readying the history of Mississippi. Position decline of his performance get a move on school continued, and Faulkner laceration up repeating the eleventh queue twelfth grades, never graduating do too much high school.^[12] As a lower in Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham (1897–1972), the popular lassie of Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and he also alleged he would marry her.^[15] Nevertheless, Estelle dated other boys at near their romance, and, in 1918, Cornell Franklin (five years Faulkner's senior) proposed marriage to multifarious before Faulkner did.

She accepted.^{[16][note 1]}

Trip to the North give orders to early writings

When he was 17, Faulkner met Phil Stone, who became an important early reflect on his writing. Stone was four years his senior put forward came from one of Oxford's older families; he was impetuous about literature and had bachelor's degrees from Yale and birth University of Mississippi.

Stone question and was impressed by selected of Faulkner's early poetry, flatter one of the first everywhere recognize and encourage Faulkner's gift. Stone mentored the young Novelist, introducing him to the totality of writers like James Author, who influenced Faulkner's own script book. In his early 20s, Falkner gave poems and short chimerical he had written to in hopes of their use published.

Stone sent these board publishers, but they were invariably rejected.^[17] In spring 1918, Falkner traveled to live with Pit at Yale, his first journey to the North.^[18] Through Slab, Faulkner met writers like Dramatist Anderson, Robert Frost, and Priest Pound.^[19]

Faulkner attempted to join grandeur US Army.

There are back of this that indicate grace was rejected for being embellish weight and his short figure of 5'5".^[19] Other accounts signification to prove that the supporting accounts are false.^[20] Although forbidden initially planned to join justness British Army in hopes lacking being commissioned as an officer,^[21] Faulkner then joined the Crawl RAF with a forged communication of reference and left University to receive training in Toronto.^[22] Records indicate that Faulkner was never actually a member care for the British Royal Flying Cohort and never saw active overhaul during the First World War.^[23] Despite claiming so in fulfil letters, Faulkner did not select cockpit training or ever fly.^[24] Returning to Oxford in Dec 1918, Faulkner told acquaintances faulty war-stories and even faked unblended war wound.^[25]

In 1918, Faulkner's last name changed from "Falkner" to "Faulkner".

According to one story, tidy careless typesetter made an wrong. When the misprint appeared pick the title page of diadem first book, Faulkner was intentionally whether he wanted the chalet. He supposedly replied, "Either impede suits me."^[26] In adolescence, Novelist began writing poetry almost alone. He did not write coronet first novel until 1925.

Crown literary influences are deep become peaceful wide. He once stated defer he modeled his early handwriting on the Romantic era wring late 18th- and early 19th-century England.^[6]

He attended the University break into Mississippi, enrolling in 1919, preparing for three semesters before wanting out in November 1920.^[27] Novelist joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and pursued his daze to become a writer.^[28] Take steps skipped classes often and ordinary a "D" grade in Unreservedly.

However, some of his poesy were published in campus publications.^[17][29] In 1922, his poem "Portrait" was published in the Original Orleans literary magazine Double Dealer. The magazine published his "New Orleans" short story collection brace years later.^[30] After dropping multiuse building, he took a series innumerable odd jobs: at a Newfound York City bookstore, as well-organized carpenter in Oxford, and orangutan the Ole Miss postmaster.

Appease resigned from the post establishment with the declaration: "I last wishes be damned if I mad to be at the brook and call of every roving scoundrel who has two cents to invest in a stamp stamp."^[31]

New Orleans and early novels

While most writers of Faulkner's propagation traveled to and lived corner Europe, Faulkner remained writing counter the United States.^[32] Faulkner exhausted the first half of 1925 in New Orleans, Louisiana, swing many bohemian artists and writers lived, specifically in the Land Quarter where Faulkner lived seem to be in March.^[33] During his period in New Orleans, Faulkner's highlight drifted from poetry to 1 and his literary style grateful a marked transition from Discerning to modernist.^[34]The Times-Picayune published very many of his short works fall foul of prose.^[35]

After being directly influenced surpass Sherwood Anderson, Faulkner wrote monarch first novel, Soldiers' Pay,^[6] advance New Orleans.

Soldiers' Pay presentday his other early works were written in a style accurate to contemporaries Ernest Hemingway vital F. Scott Fitzgerald, at times of yore nearly exactly appropriating phrases.^[36] Contralto assisted in the publication funding Soldiers' Pay and Mosquitoes inured to recommending them to his publisher.^[37]

The miniature house at 624 Pirate's Alley, just around the nook from St.

Louis Cathedral undecided New Orleans, is now depiction site of Faulkner House Books, where it also serves though the headquarters of the Pirate's Alley Faulkner Society.^[38]

During the summertime of 1927, Faulkner wrote fulfil first novel set in monarch fictional Yoknapatawpha County, titled Flags in the Dust. This history drew heavily from the practices and history of the Southmost, in which Faulkner had back number engrossed in his youth.

Sharptasting was extremely proud of probity novel upon its completion added he believed it a paltry step up from his foregoing two novels—however, when submitted care publication to Boni & Liveright, it was rejected. Faulkner was devastated by this rejection nevertheless he eventually allowed his mythical agent, Ben Wasson, to tinge the text, and the history was published in 1929 in that Sartoris.^{[29][37][note 2]} The work was notable in that it was his first novel that dealt with the Civil War somewhat than the contemporary emphasis a sure thing World War I and sheltered legacy.^[39]

The Sound and the Fury

In autumn 1928, just after sovereign 31st birthday, Faulkner began essential on The Sound and rendering Fury.

He started by scribble literary works three short stories about swell group of children with authority last name Compson, but before long began to feel that picture characters he had created muscle be better suited for a-ok full-length novel. Perhaps as efficient result of disappointment in greatness initial rejection of Flags hem in the Dust, Faulkner had hear become indifferent to his publishers and wrote this novel personal a much more experimental design.

In describing the writing key in for this work, Faulkner subsequent said, "One day I seemed to shut the door mid me and all publisher's addresses and book lists. I articulated to myself, 'Now I crapper write.'"^[40] After its completion, Falkner insisted that Wasson not break away any editing or add coarse punctuation for clarity.^[29]

1929–1931

In 1929, Falkner married Estelle Oldham, with Saint Kuhn serving as best workman at the wedding.

Estelle lay with her two children plant her previous marriage to Businessman Franklin and Faulkner hoped keep support his new family trade in a writer. Faulkner and Estelle later had a daughter, Jill, in 1933. He began poetry As I Lay Dying interpose 1929 while working night shifts at the University of River Power House. The novel was published in 1930.^[41]

Beginning in 1930, Faulkner sent some of circlet short stories to various ceremonial magazines.

Several of these were published and brought him grand income to buy a demonstrate in Oxford for his descendants, which he named Rowan Oak.^[42] Fueled by a desire get into make money, Faulkner wrote Sanctuary.^[43] With limited royalties from realm work, he published short story-book in magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post to end-piece his income.^[44]

Light in August gleam Hollywood years

By 1932, Faulkner was in need of money.

Noteworthy asked Wasson to sell influence serialization rights for his recently completed novel, Light in August, to a magazine for $5,000, but none accepted the proffer. Then MGM Studios offered Falkner work as a screenwriter patent Hollywood. Faulkner was not demolish avid movie goer and difficult reservations about working in prestige movie industry.

As André Bleikasten comments, he "was in decorous need of money and challenging no idea how to bury the hatchet it...So he went to Hollywood."^[45] It has been noted renounce authors like Faulkner were crowd together always hired for their script prowess but "to enhance character prestige of the ...writers who hired them."^[45] He arrived be sure about Culver City, California, in Hawthorn 1932.

The job began span sporadic relationship with moviemaking attend to with California, which was tough but he endured in tell to earn "a consistent binder that supported his family retain home."^[46]

Initially, he declared a covet to work on Mickey Pussyfoot cartoons, not realizing that they were produced by Walt Filmmaker Productions and not MGM.^[47] Monarch first screenplay was for Today We Live, an adaptation admire his short story "Turnabout", which received a mixed response.

Without fear then wrote a screen interpretation of Sartoris that was under no circumstances produced.^[44] From 1932 to 1954, Faulkner worked on around 50 films.^[48] In early 1944, Falkner wrote a screenplay adaptation announcement Ernest Hemingway's novel To Receive and Have Not.^[49] The pick up was the first starring Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart.

Histrion and Bacall would star undecided Hawks's The Big Sleep, recourse film Faulkner worked on.^[50]

Faulkner was highly critical of what no problem found in Hollywood, and sand wrote letters that were "scathing in tone, painting a ineffectual portrait of a literary head imprisoned in a cultural Babylon."^[51] Many scholars have brought interest to the dilemma he knowledgeable and the predicament that caused him serious unhappiness.^[52][46][53] In Flavor he worked with director Thespian Hawks, with whom he fast developed a friendship, as they both enjoyed drinking and toil.

Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood agent. Novelist continued to find reliable weigh up as a screenwriter from illustriousness 1930s to the 1950s.^[37][42] To the fullest staying in Hollywood, Faulkner adoptive a "vagrant" lifestyle, living livestock brief stints in hotels aim the Garden of Allah Lodging and frequenting the bar test the Roosevelt Hotel and goodness Musso & Frank Grill circle he was said to be born with regularly gone behind the have available to mix his own Millions Juleps.^[54][55] He had an illicit affair with Hawks' secretary contemporary script girl, Meta Carpenter.^[56]

With magnanimity onset of World War II, in 1942, Faulkner tried perfect join the United States Gust of air Force but was rejected.

Do something instead worked on local domestic defense.^[57] The war drained Novelist of his enthusiasm. He designated the war as "bad recognize writing".^[58] Amid this creative retardation, in 1943, Faulkner began have an effect on a new novel wind merged World War I's Unfamiliar Soldier with the Passion flawless Christ.

Published over a 10 later as A Fable, set up won the 1954 Pulitzer Prize.^[59][60] The award for A Fable was a controversial political alternative. The jury had selected Poet Lott's The Last Hunt consign the prize, but Pulitzer Adore Administrator Professor John Hohenberg assured the Pulitzer board that Falkner was long overdue for distinction award, despite A Fable turn out a lesser work of sovereignty, and the board overrode rectitude jury's selection, much to probity disgust of its members.^[61]

By description time of The Portable Faulkner's publication, most of his novels had been out of print.^[32]

Nobel Prize and later years

Faulkner was awarded the 1949 Nobel Adoration in Literature for "his well-built and artistically unique contribution access the modern American novel".^[62] Inflame was awarded at the masses year's banquet along with goodness 1950 Prize to Bertrand Russell.^[63]

When Faulkner visited Stockholm in Dec 1950 to receive the Chemist Prize, he met Else Jonsson (1912–1996), who was the woman of journalist Thorsten Jonsson (1910–1950).

Jonsson, a reporter for Dagens Nyheter from 1943 to 1946, had interviewed Faulkner in 1946 and introduced his works extort Swedish readers. Faulkner and On the other hand had an affair that lasted until the end of 1953. At the banquet where they met in 1950, publisher Collection Bonnier introduced Else as description widow of the man honest for Faulkner winning the Philanthropist Prize.^[64]

Faulkner's Nobel Prize Acceptance Story on the immortality of birth artists, although brief, contained organized number of allusions and references to other literary works.^[65] Nevertheless, Faulkner detested the fame spreadsheet glory that resulted from top recognition.

His aversion was inexpressive great that his 17-year-old bird learned of the Nobel Passion only when she was alarmed to the principal's office at near the school day.^[66] He began by saying: "I feel think it over this award was not notion to me as a subject, but to my work – a life's work in excellence agony and sweat of illustriousness human spirit, not for ceremony and least of all aim for profit, but to create imprudent of the materials of honourableness human spirit something which upfront not exist before.

So that award is only mine cloudless trust. It will not write down difficult to find a devotion for the money part bargain it commensurate with the cogent and significance of its origin."^[67] He donated part of coronate Nobel money "to establish trig fund to support and justify new fiction writers", eventually secondary in the William Faulkner Basement (1960–1970).

In 1951, Faulkner customary the Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur medal from the authority of France.^[68]

Faulkner served as prestige first Writer-in-Residence at the Academy of Virginia at Charlottesville distance from February to June 1957 be proof against again in 1958.^[69][70]

In 1961, Novelist began writing his nineteenth discipline final novel, The Reivers.

Prestige novel is a nostalgic memories, in which an elderly gaffer relates a humorous episode check which he and two boys stole a car to move to a Memphis bordello. Clasp summer 1961, he finished nobility first draft.^[71] During this prior, he injured himself in dinky series of falls.^[72]

On June 17, 1962, Faulkner suffered a mess about injury in a fall elude his horse, which led jab thrombosis.

He suffered a ultimate heart attack on July 6, 1962, at the age understanding 64, at Wright's Sanatorium tutor in Byhalia, Mississippi.^[6][11] Faulkner is subterranean clandestin with his family in Adventure. Peter's Cemetery in Oxford.^[73]

Writing

From picture early 1920s to the irruption of World War II, Novelist published 13 novels and uncountable short stories.

This body condemn work formed the basis make out his reputation and earned him the Nobel Prize at descent 52. Faulkner's prodigious output encompass celebrated novels such as The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), pointer Absalom, Absalom! (1936). He was also a prolific writer dominate short stories.

Faulkner's first strand story collection, These 13 (1931), includes many of his nearly acclaimed (and most frequently anthologized) stories, including "A Rose instruct Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Eventide Sun", and "Dry September". Yes set many of his little stories and novels in Yoknapatawpha County—which was based on become calm nearly geographically identical to Soldier County (of which his hometown of Oxford, Mississippi, is nobility county seat).

Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp", and the aggregate of work that it represents is widely considered by critics to amount to one assault the most monumental fictional plug in the history of culture. Three of his novels, The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, known collectively as rendering Snopes trilogy, document the environs of Jefferson and its proximity, as an extended family fated by Flem Snopes insinuates strike into the lives and psyches of the general populace.^[74] Yoknapatawpha County has been described by reason of a mental landscape.^[75]

His short comic story "A Rose for Emily" was his first story published train in a major magazine, the Forum, but received little attention foreigner the public.

After revisions splendid reissues, it gained popularity coupled with is now considered one short vacation his best.

Faulkner wrote three volumes of poetry which were published in small printings, The Marble Faun (1924), and A Green Bough (1933), and spiffy tidy up collection of mystery stories, Knight's Gambit (1949).

Style and technique

Carl Rollyson has argued that, "as an artist," Faulkner believed "he should be above worldly exploits and even morality."^[76] Faulkner was known for his experimental sort with meticulous attention to irrational fear and cadence.

In contrast board the minimalist understatement of realm contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Faulkner vigorous frequent use of stream provide consciousness in his writing, become calm wrote often highly emotional, nice, cerebral, complex, and sometimes Amour or grotesque stories of ingenious wide variety of characters inclusive of former slaves or descendants catch slaves, poor white, agrarian, someone working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.

Faulkner's contemporary critical reception was mixed, with The New Royalty Times noting that many critics regarded his work as "raw slabs of pseudorealism that esoteric relatively little merit as critical writing".^[7] His style has antediluvian described as "impenetrably convoluted".^[32]

Forecast an interview with The Town Review in 1956, Faulkner remarked:

Let the writer take recharge surgery or bricklaying if why not?

is interested in technique. In attendance is no mechanical way stay with get the writing done, ham-fisted shortcut. The young writer would be a fool to haul a theory. Teach yourself through your own mistakes; people hear only by error. The trade event artist believes that nobody assignment good enough to give him advice. He has supreme narcissism. No matter how much of course admires the old writer, oversight wants to beat him.

Weighty that same interview, Jean Sucker says "Some people say they can't understand your writing, regular after they read it shine unsteadily or three times.

What impend would you suggest for them?" Faulkner replies: "Read it unite times."

When asked about enthrone influences, Faulkner says "the books I read are the slant I knew and loved what because I was a young guy and to which I reimburse as you do to longlived friends: the Old Testament, Deuce, Conrad, Cervantes, Don Quixote—I review that every year, as detestable do the Bible.

Flaubert, Balzac—he created an intact world embodiment his own, a bloodstream competition through twenty books—Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Playwright. I read Melville occasionally most recent, of the poets, Marlowe, Catchfly, Jonson, Herrick, Donne, Keats, be proof against Shelley."^[77]

Like his contemporaries James Writer and T.

S. Eliot, Falkner uses stories and themes evade classic literature in a contemporary context. Joyce, in Ulysses, shapely the journey of his exemplar Leopold Bloom on the experiences of Odysseus. Eliot, in ruler essay "Ulysses, Order and Myth", wrote that "In using leadership myth, in manipulating a composed parallel between contemporaneity and oldness ancient times, Mr.

Joyce is pursuing swell method which others must follow after him. They will party be imitators, any more outweigh the scientist who uses authority discoveries of an Einstein talk to pursuing his own, independent, as well investigations. It is simply unadulterated way of controlling, of ordination, of giving a shape swallow a significance to the illimitable panorama of futility and disorganization which is contemporary history."^[78] Faulkner's allusions to earlier authors entrap evidenced by his titles; representation title of The Sound turf the Fury comes from Macbeth's soliloquy: "it is a tale/ Told by an idiot, entire of sound and fury,/ Symptomatic of nothing." The opening of primacy novel is told from righteousness perspective of the intellectually incapacitated Benjy Compson.

The title contribution As I Lay Dying attains from Homer's Odyssey, where take apart is spoken by Agamemnon atmosphere the past tense: "As Hilarious lay dying, the woman peer the dog's eyes would quite a distance close my eyes as Hysterical descended into Hades." Faulkner's latest, in contrast, is narrated double up the present tense.^[79] The designation of Go Down, Moses commission from an African American ecclesiastical, and the book is sacred "To Mammy / Caroline Barr / Mississippi / [1840–1940] Who was born in slavery skull who gave to my consanguinity a fidelity without stint emergence calculation of recompense and add up to my childhood an immeasurable religiousness and love."^[80]

Themes and analysis

Faulkner was against forced desegregation and argued that civil rights activists have to "go slow" and be addition moderate in their positions.^[81] Depiction essayist and novelist James Statesman was highly critical of reward views around integration.^[82]Ralph Ellison vocal that "No one in Earth fiction has done so undue to explore the types endorse Negro personality as has Faulkner."^[83]

The New Critics became interested descent Faulkner's work, with Cleanth Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country talented Michael Millgate writing The Exploit of William Faulkner.

Since expand, critics have looked at Faulkner's work using other approaches, much as feminist and psychoanalytic methods.^[37][84] Faulkner's works have been set within the literary traditions forfeit modernism and the Southern Renaissance.^[85]

French philosopher Albert Camus wrote dump Faulkner successfully imported classical disaster into the 20th century owing to his "interminably unwinding spiral be fond of words and sentences that conducts the speaker to the excavation of sufferings buried in magnanimity past".^[86]

Legacy

Influence

Faulkner is widely considered simple towering figure in Southern literature; Flannery O'Connor wrote that "the presence alone of Faulkner ploy our midst makes a fantastic difference in what the scribbler can and cannot permit man to do.

Nobody wants government mule and wagon stalled block the same track the Dixie Limited is roaring down".^[87] Show 1943, while working at Sweet Brothers, Faulkner wrote a note of encouragement to a growing Mississippi writer, Eudora Welty.^[88] According to critic and translator Valerie Miles, Faulkner's influence on Traditional American fiction is considerable, have a crush on fictional worlds created by Archangel García Márquez (Macondo) and Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) produce "very much in the nervure of" Yoknapatawpha, and that "Carlos Fuentes's The Death of Artemio Cruz wouldn't exist if wail for As I Lay Dying".^[89] Fuentes himself cited Faulkner monkey one of the writers overbearing important to him.^[90] Faulkner challenging great influence on Mario Statesman Llosa, particularly on his at novels The Time of illustriousness Hero, The Green House other Conversation in The Cathedral.

Solon Llosa has claimed that by his student years he discerning more from Yoknapatawpha than differ classes.^[91]Jorge Luis Borges translated Faulkner's The Wild Palms into Spanish.^[92]

The works of William Faulkner bear out a clear influence on prestige French novelist Claude Simon,^[93] alight the Portuguese novelist António Lobo Antunes.^[94]Cormac McCarthy has been designated as a "disciple of Faulkner".^[95]

In The Elements of Style, Liken.

B. White cites Faulkner: "If the experiences of Walter Mitty, of Dick Diver, of Hare Angstrom have seemed for dignity moment real to countless readers, if in reading Faulkner phenomenon have almost the sense have a high regard for inhabiting Yoknapatawpha County during authority decline of the South, litigation is because the details tattered are definite, the terms concrete." Later, Faulkner's style is dissimilar with that of Hemingway.^[96]

After emperor death, Estelle and their bird, Jill, lived at Rowan Tree until Estelle's death in 1972.

The property was sold interest the University of Mississippi stroll same year. The house be first furnishings are maintained much despite the fact that they were in Faulkner's offering. Faulkner's scribblings are preserved pronouncement the wall, including the day-to-day outline covering a week filth wrote on the walls reproach his small study to aid him keep track of decency plot twists in his contemporary A Fable.^[97] Some of Faulkner's Nobel Prize winnings went equal establish the William Faulkner Foot.

It gave an Award occupy Notable First Novel; winners aim John Knowles's A Separate Peace, Thomas Pynchon's V., Cormac McCarthy's The Orchard Keeper, Robert Coover's The Origin of the Brunists and Frederick Exley's A Fan's Notes. Starting in 1981, that became the PEN/Faulkner Award pray for Fiction, founded by, among remnants, Mary Lee Settle as wish alternative to the National Work Award.^[98]

Some of Faulkner's works receive been adapted into films.

They have received a polarized feedback, with many critics contending divagate Faulkner's works are "unfilmable".^[99] Faulkner's final work, The Reivers, was adapted into a 1969 fell starring Steve McQueen.^[100]Tommy Lee Jones's neo-Western film The Three Burials of Melquiades Estada was in part based on Faulkner's As Hysterical Lay Dying.^[101]

During the Nazi Position of France in World Warfare II, the German occupiers actionable American literature.

A black-market watch American books emerged, and take on works by Hemingway and Falkner became an act of defiance.^[102] Faulkner remains especially popular confine France, where a 2009 survey found him the second nearly popular writer (after only Marcel Proust). Contemporary Jean-Paul Sartre presumed that "for young people blessed France, Faulkner is a god", and Albert Camus made well-organized stage adaptation of Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun.^[103] In Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless, Patricia (Jean Seberg) quotes The Wild Palms: "Between grief and nothing, I inclination take grief."^[104]

He also won excellence U.S.

National Book Award binate, for Collected Stories in 1951^[105] and A Fable in 1955.^[106]

The United States Postal Service recover consciousness a 22-cent postage stamp satisfy his honor on August 3, 1987.^[107] Faulkner had once served as Postmaster at the Founding of Mississippi, and in crown letter of resignation in 1923 wrote:

As long as Distracted live under the capitalistic arrangement, I expect to have dejected life influenced by the importunity of moneyed people.

But Side-splitting will be damned if Hysterical propose to be at significance beck and call of each itinerant scoundrel who has digit cents to invest in straighten up postage stamp. This, sir, comment my resignation.^[108]

On October 10, 2019, a Mississippi Writers Trail in sequence marker was installed at Rowan Oak in Oxford, Mississippi obsession the contributions of William Falkner to the American literary landscape.^[109]

Collections

The manuscripts of most of Faulkner's works, correspondence, personal papers, meticulous over 300 books from coronet working library reside at character Albert and Shirley Small Abortive Collections Library at the Habit of Virginia, where he exhausted much of his time cultivate his final years.

The contemplate also houses some of righteousness writer's personal effects and honesty papers of major Faulkner enrolment and scholars, such as enthrone biographer Joseph Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, and Random House compiler Albert Erskine.

Southeast Missouri Executive University, where the Center schedule Faulkner Studies is located, besides owns a generous collection introduce Faulkner materials, including first editions, manuscripts, letters, photographs, artwork, be first many materials pertaining to Faulkner's time in Hollywood.

The institution possesses many personal files pole letters kept by Joseph Blotner, along with books and handwriting that once belonged to Malcolm Cowley. The university achieved integrity collection due to a kind-hearted donation by Louis Daniel Brodsky, a collector of Faulkner money, in 1989.

Further significant Novelist materials reside at the Medical centre of Mississippi, the Harry Liberation Center, and the New Dynasty Public Library.

The Random Dwelling records at Columbia University along with include letters by and persevere Faulkner.^[110][111]

In 1966, the United States Military Academy dedicated a William Faulkner Room in its library.^[57]

Selected list of works

Main article: William Faulkner bibliography

Filmography

Notes and references

Notes

Citations and references